ap human geo unit 1 review, ap human geo unit 2 review, ap human geo unit 3, ap hman geo unit 4, ap human geo unit 5 review, Geography Unit 6: Economic Geography, ap human geo unit 7 review

Spatial perspective

a way of looking at the human and physical patterns on Earth and their relationships to one another

Geographic scale

Scale at which a geographer analyzes a particular phenomenon.

Map projection

a way of representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface

Robinson Map Projection

"globe shaped"

Accurately shows sizes, distances, and shapes. But has imprecise measurements, so it can't be used for navigation

Mercator Map Projection

"Standard map"

Good measurements, good for navigation

Distorts area and size (for example Greenland and Africa shouldn't be the same size)

Reference map

A map type that shows reference information for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigation

Thematic maps

map that reflects a theme about a geographic area

Dot map

Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population.

Choropleth map

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area.

Cartogram map

A map in which the shape or size is distorted in order to demonstrate a variable such as travel, population or economic production

Isoline map

Map displaying lines that connect points of equal value; for example, a map showing elevation levels

Proportional Symbols Map

a thematic map in which the size of a chosen symbol indicates the relative magnitude of some statistical value for a given geographic region

GIS (geographic information system)

Computer system that can capture, store, analyze, and display geographic data. Each type of information can be stored in a layer.

Used whenever you need to analyze, visualize, and manage data that is related to a specific location on Earth

Remote Sensing

the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite or other long-distance methods.

Can be used to look at urban sprawl or agricultural practices (environmental changes)

GPS

accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth.

Latitude

Distance north or south of the equator (horizontal lines)

Longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian (vertical line)

Time-space convergence

idea states that with increasing transportation and communication technology, relative distance is shrinking

Diffusion

The process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time.

Hearth

Place of origination for an idea/characteristic

Relocation diffusion

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

example: small pox to the americas (migration)

Expansion diffusion

an idea that expands outward from a hearth

subtypes: contagious, stimulus, hierarchical

Contagious diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population, based on proximity

example: spread of islam

Hierarchical diffusion

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

example: paris fashion, famous footballer's hairstyles

Stimulus diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected

example: McDonalds in India

Reverse Hierarchical diffusion

Occurs when ideas diffuse from a lower level of a hierarchy to a higher level

example: nascar, hiphop, walmart

Time-distance decay (distance decay effect)

The farther an idea is from the hearth, the less likely it is to be adopted.

Globalization

Force or process that involves the entire world and results in making the world essentially "shrink". Everything is more interconnected and worldwide.

Transnational Corporation

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

Formal/Uniform region

area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.

example: US states

Functional/Nodal region

area organized around a node or focal point. The activity is more intense near the center of the region and loses intensity as you move outward from the center

example: Reception area for a tv station, dc metro

Vernacular/Perceptual Region

area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. Defined by how people perceive an area.

example: american south

Place

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

Site

physical character of a place and its location

Ex. climate, water sources, soil, vegetation

Situation

location of a place relative to other places

Ex. "It's down past the courthouse"

Cultural ecology

Geographic study of human-environment relationships.

Environmental determinism

Belief that claims the environment determines characteristics of human society and even the success or failure of the society

Possibilism

The belief that with people anything is people, human societies are influenced by their natural environment, but not controlled by it

Sequent Occupance

Every group of people that lived on the land left their mark

example: there is a pizza hut right next to the pyramids in Cairo

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Includes economic, environment, and social components.

Natural Resources

Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain

Scale of analysis

a scale that determines what is being studied based on the size of the area being examined

Large scale

scale that shows less area in greater detail

ex: one city

Small scale

shows larger area in less detail

ex: world

Global scale

shows the world at one level of data

smallest scale

Regional Scale

shows data by continents or world regions

small scale

National Scale

shows data for one or more countries

large scale

Local Scale

shows subnational data

largest scale

Social impacts

-Family/Children

-Women/Gender Roles

-Ethnic groups

-Religion/Beliefs

-Healthcare

-Science/Technology

-Migration

-Social Classes

-Freedoms/Rights

-Education

Political impacts

-Government policies/laws

-Wars/Conflict

-Government Leaders

- Alliances/Strategies

-Organizations: Regional, Trans-regional, Global

- Diplomatic relations

-Type of Government

Economic impacts

-Jobs/Labor/Workforce

- Economic policies

-Types of economies

-Agriculture -Industry

-Urbanization

-Markets/Distribution

-Level of Development

- Economic sectors

-Cost of living/Income

-Banking and currency

Enviornmental impacts

-Weather/Climate

- Location

-Possibilism/Adaptation

-Urban/Suburban/Rural

-Climate Change

-Population Density

-Natural Resources

-Natural Hazards

-Surroundings

-Sustainability

Demographic impacts

-Population Trends

- Male vs. Female

-Old vs. Young

- High population growth

- Slow population growth.

- Diseases

-DTM-Birth and Death rates

-Migration rate

-Dependency ratio.

demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

physiological density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

the higher the physiological density, the greater pressure is placed on land to produce resources

agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land

Carrying capacity

Amount of people that a location can sustain without environmental degradation

Less developed country (LDC)

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development

More developed country (MDC)

A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.

BRIC

acronym that refers to the collective economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China (hybrid MDCs and LDCs)

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Number of deaths of infants under one year per 1000 live births of the same year

Demographic Transition Model

Model that shows different stages of population growth and thus shows development.

Stage 1 DTM

A pre-industrial agrarian society

CBR: High CDR: High NIR: Low

No current examples

Stage 2 DTM

Industrializing society - medical care, water, and food access causes CDR to drop

CBR: High CDR: Low NIR: Highest

Example: Niger

Population pyramid: Triangle

Stage 3 DTM

Decreasing growth, women's education and access to contraception causes CBR to drop

CBR: High to mid CDR: Low NIR: Moderate

Example: China, India

Population pyramid: Teardrop(High middle age population)

Stage 4 DTM

Low Growth, strong economies, women's employment, rural to urban migration, and good health care cause CBR/CBD to drop more

CBR: Low (Fluctuates w/ economy)

CDR: Low NIR: Low

Example: US, Aus

Population pyramid: Uniform

Stage 5 DTM

High costs of raising a family in urban areas causes lower CBR

CBR: Lower CDR: Low NIR: Negative

Example: Japan, Italy

Demographic Momentum

this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age(vert) and sex(horizantal)

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

Identifies predictable stages of disease and life expectancy countries experience as they develop

Stages correspond with DTM

ETM Stage 1

Pestilence and Famine

Parasitic or infectious diseases, accidents, animal attacks, and/or human conflicts cause most deaths

ETM Stage 2

Receding Pandemics

The number of pandemics (widespread diseases affecting large populations) declines as a result of improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine

ETM Stage 3

Degenerative and Human Created Diseases

Infectious and parasitic diseases continue to decrease, but diseases associated with aging, like heart disease and types of cancer - increase as people live longer

ETM Stage 4

Delayed Degenerative Diseases

Stage 4 is an extension of Stage 3, but the age-related diseases are delayed as medical procedures put off their onset through advanced procedures

Diseases like Alzheimer's and dementia increase

ETM Stage 5

Stage 5: Reemerging of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases

Infectious and parasitic diseases increase as some bacteria and parasites become resistant to antibiotics and vaccines

Pro-natalist Population Policy

Policies promoting the birth of babies

ex: Japan, Denmark

Maternity/paternity leave, tax incentives

Anti-natalist Population Policy

Population policies where a government tries to reduce birth of babies

ex: India, and China

One-child policy, contraception/family planning, education

Malthusian theory

Population growth is exponential, and the growth of Food Supply is arithmetical - not valid bc we can grow unlimited food with technology.

Neo-Malthusians

Earth's resources can only support a finite population

Pressure on scarce natural resources leads to famine and war

Migration

Permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

Immigration

migrating to a new location

You immigrate to where you are going

Emigration

Act of leaving a location with the intent to settle someplace else

You emigrate from where you are leaving

Net Migration

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.

Push factor

a factor that induces people to move out of their present location

example: Religious persecution of Mormons

Pull factor

a factor that induces people to move to a new location

example: California is close to the beach and has warm weather

Intervening obstacles

Any forces or factors that may limit human migration. Use to be environmental (oceans etc) but its now mainly political

example: passports, migration laws

Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

Internal Migration

Migration within a country

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

State to state

Intraregional Migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

Transnational Migration

Migration where someone crosses a international boundary