Digestive System Review McGraw Hill Connect

Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be __________.

retroperitoneal

The oral cavity secretes _________, which neutralizes bacterial acids, flushes bacteria from the oral cavity, and has weak antibacterial activity.

serous saliva.

Which component(s) of the pharynx are normally involved with digestion?

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

The __________ cells of the mucosa have microvilli and digestive enzymes on their surface.

absorptive

The __________ cells of the mucosa are also known as Paneth cells and may help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria.

granular

Which of the following is not a tunic of the gallbladder wall?

Submucosa.

Shortly after a meal, the gallbladder contracts in response to stimulation by __________.

Cholecystokinin.

The pancreatic islets

are endocrine in function.

Which of the following is responsible for nearly all cases of peptic ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori.

Lymphatic nodules called __________ are numerous in the mucosa and submucosa of the ileum, and initiate immune responses against microorganisms that enter the digestive tract.

Peyer patches

The submucosa of the duodenum contains coiled, tubular mucous glands called __________, which open into the base of the intestinal glands.

Brunner glands

Glucose is absorbed by __________ into the intestinal epithelial cells.

Na+ symport.

Chylomicrons move out of intestinal epithelial cells by _________.

exocytosis.

Dipeptides and tripeptides enter intestinal epithelial cells by __________.

H+ symport.

In the parietal cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes a reaction between __________.

Carbon dioxide and water.

Hydrochloric acid is formed when

hydrogen ions and chloride ions join in the duct of the gastric gland.

Ion exchange molecules in the plasma membrane of the parietal cells

exchange bicarbonate ions going out for chloride ions coming in.

The hormone _________ stimulates gastric gland secretions.

gastrin

Which of the following inhibits the secretion of the gastric glands?

Low pH in the duodenum.

Mass movements in the colon are stimulated by

food in the stomach and chyme in the duodenum.

Mass movements of the colon are integrated by

the enteric plexus.

Defecation is stimulated by

local and parasympathetic reflexes.

Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominantly in the _________________.

small intestine.

The enteric plexus is composed of the _________ and the __________.

submucosal plexus; myenteric plexus

What is ascites?

The excess accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.

All of the following are muscles of mastication, except the ______________.

buccinator

All of the following are substances found within saliva, except _________.

hydrochloric acid.

The _____________ phase of gastric regulation is initiated when acidic chyme enters the duodenum and stimulates the secretion of hormones and local reflexes that inhibit gastric activity.

gastrointestinal

What is the function of bicarbonate when it is secreted by the large intestine?

It increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions.

Where does the chemical digestion of disaccharides occur?

Small intestine.

Which of the following would occur in an individual if they had their stomach removed?

Difficulty absorbing vitamin B12.

Oral sodium phosphate tabs are used to induce diarrhea in preparation for a colonoscopy. Which of the following explains how this medication works?

The intestinal chyme increases in osmolarity, and water moves from the blood to the lumen.

Which of the following would occur after removal of the gallbladder?

Difficulty digesting a fatty meal.

If the cystic duct was blocked by a gallstone,

bile would not be able to pass from the gallbladder to the small intestine.

Proton-pump inhibitors prevent the antiport of H+ and K+ in parietal cells. As a result,

pH of the stomach lumen will increase.

If the hepatopancreatic ampulla was blocked by a gallstone,

pancreatic juice could pass through the accessory pancreatic duct.