Csds 117 Exam 2 antecedent manipulations, modeling, prompts, fading

Antecedent manipulations

involve altering environmental events occurring before the behavior of interest

Antecedent manipulations include

Stimulus manipulations, Priming, Instructions/rules, Modeling with Required Imitation

Stimulus manipulations

include any change to treatment/ natural setting that may help evoke verbal behavior/ Could be a structural change/ Could be a change in the listener's behavior

Priming

A technique that involves previewing activities client may have difficulty with/Conducted prior to given situation to give client familiarity with setting, materials, etc./ actual skill not taught at this point

Instructions/rules

Involves describing skill to be learned/Often precede other behavioral principles in treatment process/Per Hegde (1998), instructions typically more effective when demonstrations are provided/Minimal direct research on efficacy of instructions/rules

Considerations when giving instructions

Match complexity of your instructions to child's level/Use visual supports if necessary/Provide demonstrations/Have client repeat instructions

Modeling with Required Imitation

clinician's production or display of a target response the client is expected to learn

Imitation

the client's behavior that takes the same form as the antecedent model/Modeling should lead to imitation

When to Model

When typical antecedent stimuli does not evoke target behavior (In initial stages of treatment/After a few incorrect responses/When initiating treatment at higher level of response hierarchy)

How to Model

The clinician typically provides the model/Mechanical models can be used/Model preceded by natural antecedent/Use vocal emphasis

Prompting

Special stimuli that increase the probability response productions/ similar to hints

Prompting Includes

Visual prompts/Verbal prompts/Tactile-kinesthetic prompts

Visual prompts

Prompts that include some sort of visual;Textual prompts/Gestural prompts/Positional prompts/Facial expressions

Textual prompts

printed stimuli that serve as a prompt

Gestural prompts

involves the use of signs and/or gestures that help evoke a target behavior

Positional prompts

involves moving the stimuli that you want the client to engage with closer to them

Facial expressions

looking at the client expectantly, eyebrows raised or lowered, articulatory postures, etc

Verbal Prompts

Prompts that involve spoken words or parts of words/Vocal emphasis/Partial modeling/Phonemic cues

Typical Hierarchy of Verbal Prompts

1.Imitation of verbal model 2.Part of word is given 3.Phonemic cue given 4.Phrase completion task 5.Describing word 6.Evoked verbal response

Tactile-Kinesthetic Prompts

using some type of physical contact to help client produce target behavior

Manual guidance

involves clinician physically shaping desired response/ Not a prompt in an of itself; however, can be faded to a tactile-kinesthetic prompt/ Most intrusive form/ Example: hand over hand

Fading

Gradually reducing the strength of a prompt/Often involves gradually introducing less invasive prompt techniques

How to Fade Prompts

Fade to partial modeling/Fade visual properties/Fading color, size, position, etc. of a prompt/Reducing intensity of your facial expressions

Fade acoustic properties

Lower intensity/Silent phonemic cues

Fading Manual Guidance

Fade from; Total assistance/Partial assistance/A gentle push/A light touch/Pointing with no help + a positional prompt

The criterion for fading antecedent supports is

determined by the clinician

As a general rule of thumb (fading antecedent support)

Discontinue antecedent supports (e.g., modeling, prompting, etc.) after 5 consecutive correct responses/Return to antecedent supports after 2-3 incorrect responses

Rules for Prompting and Fading

Define the target behavior/Identify suitable prompts/Prompt, reinforce, and fade/Monitor results/

Identify suitable prompts

If client unable to produce target behavior with previously described antecedent supports/may need target behavior to be simplified