ENGR0240: Nanotechnology & Nanoengineering Midterm 1 Exam Review

What is a nanometer?

1. 10^‐6 cm

2. 10^‐3 mm

3. 10^‐6 m

4. 10^‐6 micron

5. 10^‐12 m

6. 10^‐7 cm

7. 1 Angstrom

8. 10^‐9 m

6. 10^‐7 cm

8. 10^‐9 m

The prefix "Nano" comes from...

a. French word meaning billion

b. Greek work meaning dwarf

c. Spanish word meaning particle

d. Latin word meaning invisible

b. Greek work meaning "dwarf"

Who first used the term "Nanotechnology and

when?

a. Richard Feynman, 1959

b. Norio Taniguchi, 1974

c. Eric Drexler, 1986

d. Sumio Iijima, 1991

b. Norio Taniguchi, 1974

If you were to shrink yourself down until you

were only a nanometer tall, how thick would a

sheet of paper appear to you?

a. 170 meters

b. 1.7 kilometers

c. 17 kilometers

d. 170 kilometers

c. 17 kilometers

(An average sheet of paper is approx. 0.1 mm thick; in other words: 100,000 nanometers. Let's assume the average height of a person to be 1.7 meters. If this person is shrunk to be only 1 nanometer tall, the thickness of a sheet of paper would be 100,000 times taller and therefore appear to be 17 km thick.)

What is graphene?

a. A new material made from carbon nanotubes

b. Thin film made from fullerenes

c. A software tool to measure and graphically

represent nanoparticles

d. A one‐atom thick sheet of carbon

d. A one‐atom thick sheet of carbon

What is nanorobots (nanobots)?

a. Do not exist yet

b. Exist in experimental form in

laboratories

c. Are already used in nanomedicine to remove plaque

from the walls of arteries

d. Will be used by NASA

a. Do not exist yet

What is grey goo?

a. A hypothetical substrance composed of

out‐of‐control self replicating nanobots

that consumes all living matter on matter

b. The feeder material used to grow grey nanoparticles in

the laboratory

c. Toxic byproduct resulting from the synthesis of carbon

nanotubes

d. Waste product from the productioin of nanoglue made

from the membranes on the feet of the Madagascan

Grey Gecko

a. A hypothetical substance composed of

out‐of‐control self replicating nanobots

that consumes all living matter on matter

Which of these consumer products is already

being made using nanotechnology methods?

a. Car tire

b. Golf ball

c. Sunscreen lotion

d. All of the above

d. All of the above

What is the 2017 budget for the U.S. National

Nanotechnology Initiative?

a. $587 million

b. $917 million

c. $1.4 billion

d. $2.1 billion

c. $1.4 billion

(The 2017 Budget for the agencies participating in the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is over $1.4 billion. The NNI's 2014 budget figures can be found here. Since 2001, the NNI's cumulative budget has been $24 billion.)

What is a buckyball?

a. A carbon molecule (C60)

b. Nickname for Mercedes‐Benz's futuristic

concept car (C111)

c. Plastic explosives nanoparticle (C4)

d. Concrete nanoparticle with a comprehensive

strength of 20 nanonewtons

a. A carbon molecule (C60).

Buckyballs are also called Fullerenes. Discovered in 1985, they are a family of carbon allotropes named after the architect Richard Buckminster Fuller because they resemble the form of his geodesic domes

What is depicted in this famous image?

a. Artist's nanoscale illustration of the

Circus Maximus in Rome

b. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

image of electron surrounded

by iron atoms

c. Simulation of Underwater volcanoes near the

Hawaiian Islands

d. Nanoscale version of a bear trap to capture

nanoparticles.

b. Scanning Tunneling Microscope image of electrons surrounded by iron atoms.

IBM Logo

- IBM's research center manipulated 35 Xenon atoms to spell out the IBM logo

- Demonstrated the ability to precisely manipulate atoms ushered in the applied use of nanotechnology

What is the subtitle of the movie, "NanoSpace"?

a. Nanoworld

b. Atomworld

c. Nano Universe

d. The Atom Revealed

e. Microspace

d. The Atom Revealed

The telescope enables to watch;

a. Atom

b. Ants

c. Galaxy

d. Human

e. Foods

c. Galaxy

Electron microscope enables to observe:

a. Atom

b. Ants

c. Galaxy

d. Human

e. Foods

a. Atom

What instrument can you use to see microscopic world (3 right answers)?

a. Microscope

b. Binoculars

c. Electron microscope

d. Telescope

e. Tunneling microscope

a. Microscope

c. Electron microscope

e. Tunneling microscope

Where is the nanospace?

a. Pickle

b. Chopsticks

c. Sesame seeds

d. Plum

e. Everywhere

e. Everywhere

What is an example of 10^‐4 m world in the movie?

a. Fish

b. Flea

c. Human

d. Rock

e. Atom

b. Flea

(Ex: cells, a flea, bacteria and unknown forces in microscopic world)

note: fish and a human viewed in 10^‐3 m (1 mm) world

What is a microscope and what can you do with it?

- instrument used to see objects the microscopic level

- use for small sample observation

Who invented the microscope?***

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Who is Robert Hooke?

a. He first invented microscope

b. He invented telescope

c. He is an author of Micrographia based on his observations

d. He created nanospace

e. He is the most famous modern nano‐Scientist

c. He is an author of Micrographia based on his observations

What is Hook's contribution to the current Biology?

a. He illustrated living things

b. He improved microscope

c. He inspired Biologist and other scientists

d. He found cells

e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Who is Ernst Ruska?

Created the first useful electron microscope in 1939

1/1000 mm equals to

a. 1 mm

b. 1 cm

c. 1000 m

d. 1 um

e. 1 nm

d. 1 um

Dooms are growing and disappearing in the movie, what are these?

a. Cells are growing

b. A living thing

c. Fog is appearing and disappearing

d. Water is vaporizing

e. Human breaths on cold glass

e. Human breaths on cold glass

Who use a beam of electrons for microscope applications in 1936?

a. Hans Busch

b. Albert Einstein

c. Masato Ibu

d. Thomas Edison

e. Ernst Ruska

e. Ernst Ruska

What are sources of optical and electron microscope?

a. Lights

b. Cells

c. Electrons

d. Lights and cells

e. Lights and electrons

e. Lights and electrons

What is crystallinity?

a. Ordered structure

b. Random structure

c. Portions are ordered structure

d. Microstructure structure

e. Nanostructure structure

a. Ordered structure

What is the periodic table and who made the table?

a. Most complicated chemicals, Albert Einstein

b. Chemical element, Albert Einstein

c. Ordered by atomic numbered chemical element, Dmitri Mendeleev

d. Chemical compound, Dmitri Mendeleev

c. Ordered by atomic numbered chemical element, Dmitri Mendeleev

What are symbols of Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Gold in the periodic table?

a. O, Hy, Go

b. Ox, Hy, Go

c. O, H, Au

d. Ox, Hy, Au

c. O, H, Au

Which of the following statement is true:

a. An element is made of atoms

b. An atom is made of elements

c. If universe is an atom, then all stars are elements

d. Optical microscope is enough to see an atom

a. An element is made of atoms

Why atoms are difficult to find in theory?

a. Because they are in constant motion and they do not have solid surface

b. Because they are no atoms

c. Because there are no instrument to observe

d. It is impossible to watch atoms in theory

a. Because they are in constant motion and they do not have solid surface

Who invented transmission electron microscope?

a. Professor Hatsujiro Hashimoto

b. Physicist Albert Crewe

c. Dr. Albert Einstein

d. Thomas Edison

b. Physicist Albert Crewe

Why transmission electron microscope is unique?

a. Because electrons pass through the substance and allow to image the

atom

b. Because electrons image the surface atom by generating second electrons

c. Because electrons can use to characterize chemical and physical analysis

d. Because electrons are used to generate transmitted electrons

a. Because electrons pass through the substance and allow to image the

atom

Which of the following statement is true about professor Hashimoto work?

a. Use of tiny layer and tiny holes to watch an atom

b. His team imaged a single atom in 1971

c. It took 6 months to get a single atom image by his team

d. His team attempted more 1000 times, but all failed except one experiment.

e. All the above

e. All the above

In 10^‐10 m level, what do you see ?

a. A single atom

b. A single element

c. A crystal structure

d. A diamond

a. A single atom

What is a scanning tunneling microscope?

***

a. Use a needle

b. Use a single atom

c. Use a single electron

d. Use a computer graphic

c. Use a single electron

Which of the words is the smallest in the movie?

***

a. IBM

b. JEOL

c. Peace 91

d. JEOL

a. IBM

In the movie, there were methods to make a nanostructure. Name them?

Using very sharp tiny needles to manipulate structures

Thinning the gold/gold lead physical processing

Manipulating atoms 1 at a time

Why do you want to see small size materials?

To understand how the physical, chemical, and

biological properties of materials differ in

fundamental and valuable ways from the properties

of individual atoms and molecules or bulk matter

Understanding will help in creating engineered materials with superior properties

What is nanotechnology?

Research and technology development at the atomic,

molecular or macromolecular levels, in the length

scale of approximately 1 ‐ 100 nanometer range;

1. to provide a fundamental understanding of

phenomena and materials at the nanoscale

2. to create and use structures, devices and systems

that have novel properties

and functions because of

their small and/or

intermediate size.

Moore's Law

The complexity for minimum component costs

has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two

per year

Examples of multidisciplinary nanotechnology

Chemistry --> Chemistry/Catalysts

Physics --> Optics/precision engineering

Material Sciences --> Automotive/coatings

What is the major challenge of thing manmade?

Fabricating and combining

nanoscale building

blocks to make useful

devices, e.g., a

photosynthetic reaction

center with integral

semiconductor storage.

Micron

10^-6 m

(note: hair thickness = 50-200 micron)

Angstrom

10^-10 m or 10 nm

(note: atom 1-5 angstroms)

Choose the smallest object:

1. Single DNA

2. Single Water molecule

3. Single Protein

4. Single Atom

5. Single Bacteria

4. Single Atom (0.1 ‐ 0.5 nm)

(note:

- DNA (width): 2 nm

- Water molecule: 3 atoms

- Protein: 5-50 nm

- Bacteria: 1000-10000 nm

What are the levels of knowledge for the future of nanotechnology? Where are we now?

1. Knowing about the existence of atoms

2. Actually seeing them

3. Manipulating them

4. Truly understanding how they work

Currently: Actually seeing them

What are the grand challenges of nanotechnology in current applications?

• Nanostructured materials "by design"

• Advanced healthcare, therapeutics, diagnostics

• Environmental improvement

• Efficient energy conversion and storage

• Microcraft space exploration and industrialization

Nanotechnology has been identified as essential in solving many of

the problems facing humanity issues. Choose that is not a goal for nanotechnology.

1. Providing Renewable Clean Energy

2. Supplying Clean Water Globally

3. Improving Health and Longevity

4. Healing and Preserving the Environment

5. Controlling birth for human and animal.

6. Making Information Technology Available To All

7. Enabling Space Development

5. Controlling birth for human and animal.

What is nanotechnology?

1. Smaller than Microtechnology

2. The development and use of devices that have a size of only a few nanometers.

3. Branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nm

4. Research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or

macromolecular levels, in the length scale of approximately 1 ‐ 100 nanometer

range

5. all of the above

5. all of the above

Q3. Where is current structure of our nanotechnology?

1. Passive structure

2. Active structure

3. Systems of nanosystem

4. Molecular nanosystems

5. The singularity

3. Systems of nanosystem

The resolution of an optical microscope has a theoretical limit of resolution based on primarily on what factor?

1. Quality of optics - lenses

2. The working distance of the microscope

3. The focusing mechanism

4. Quality of an operator

5. The wavelength of light

5. The wavelength of light

A surface which is hydrophobic such as lotus will do what to a drop of water deposited on it?

1. Increase the contact angle

2. Decrease the contact angle

3. Hydrolyze the water so that it spreads out

4. Offers a low surface energy that water is absorbed

into the lotus

5. Offers a high surface energy so that water is evaporized

1. Increase the contact angle

Why does size matter?

Materials behave differently at nanoscale. It's not

just about miniaturization. At this scale‐‐‐it's all

about INTERFACES

Color depends on particle size (Ex: quantum dots

- blue emission: quantum dots 3.2 nm in diameter

- red emission: quantum dots 5 nm in diameter)

What are physical properties? List some examples.

- observed or measured

without changing the

composition of matter

- used to observe and describe matter

Examples:

- Electronic (electrostatic)

- Mechanical (absorption,

stiffness, strength)

- Color

- Melting point

- Brownian

- Combustion

- Surface area

What are chemical properties? List some examples.

- take advantage of large surface to volume ratio, interfacial and surface chemistry important, systems too small for statistical analysis

Examples:

- Oxidation states

- Flammability

- Toxicity

- Chemical stability

- Radioactivity

- Chemical bonds

- Van der Walls

What are the material properties and applications of Aluminum?

Properties:

Lightness, Strength,

Ductile

Applications:

Foil, Aircraft

What are the material properties and applications of Rubber?

Properties:

Elasticity, Flammability

Applications:

Tires, Seal, Gasket

What are the material properties and applications of Ceramics?

Properties:

Thermal resistivity,

Strength

Applications:

Furnace, Brick

What are the material properties and applications of Steel?

Properties:

Strength, Conductivity

Applications:

Pipe, Building

What are the material properties and applications of Copper?

Properties:

Conductivity, Anticorrosive

Applications:

Electrical cable

What are the material properties and applications of Wood?

Properties:

Insulation, Flammability

Applications:

Furniture, Fire

How does increasing the size affect the surface area, volume, and surface area-to-volume ratio?

- Surface area increases

- Volume increases

- S.A./V ratio DECREASES

Compare the surface area-to-volume ratio for typical macroscale and nanoscale materials. (note: typical materials have a surface density of 10^15 atoms/cm^2

and a volume density: 10^23 atoms/cm^3)

Macroscale (for cube with side length of 1 cm):

- total # of atoms=

volume density*volume of cube =

(10^23 atoms/cm^3)*(1 cm)^3=

10^23

- total # of surface atoms:

surface density*surface area of cube =

(10^15 atoms/cm^2)[6(1 cm)^2]= 6x10^15

Therefore, SA/V = 6x10^-8

Nanoscale (for cube with side length of 1 nm = 10^-7 cm):

- total # of atoms=

volume density*volume of cube =

(10^23 atoms/cm^3)*(10^-7 cm)^3= 100

- total # of surface atoms:

surface density*surface area of cube =

(10^15 atoms/cm^2)[6(10^-7 cm)^2]= 60

Therefore, SA/V = 0.6

CONCLUSION: SA/V ratio is larger at nanoscale than at macroscale.

What are benefits of high surface area?

• Improved reactivity

• Better catalysts

• Better mechanical strength

What are types of non‐covalent bonding?

- van der Waals interactions

- Dipole‐Dipole interactions

- Hydrogen bonds

- Ionic interaction

van der Waals interactions

bonds between fluctuating,

induced dipoles within the

electron clouds of interacting

molecules.

polar/nonpolar

dependent on distance of separation between molecules (significant only when electron clouds are touching)

Dipole‐Dipole interactions

result when two dipolar molecules interact

with each other through space

Ex: elevated boiling point

of water

Hydrogen bonds

noncovalent

interactions occurring between

the H atom of a dipolar

molecule such as water, and

the unshared electron pair of

another atom

What are covalent bonds?

form when two atoms come very close together and share one or more of their electrons

Extensive delocalization of valence electrons in materials with strong chemical bonding and changing structure can lead to different physical and chemical properties depending on __________

size

What physical and chemical properties can result from valence electron delocalization and structural changes in materials?

- Optical properties

- Bandgap

- Melting point

- Specific heat

- Surface reactivity

What type of property is color?

Color is a dependent property

Color

caused by the partial absorption of light by electrons in matter, resulting in the visibility of

the complementary part of the light

result of small particles absorbed that lead to some color

(note: on most smooth metal surfaces, light is totally reflected by the high density of electrons -- no color, just a mirror‐like

appearance)

Examples of color as a size dependent property

- Gold: which readily forms nanoparticles but not easily oxidized, exhibits different colors depending on particle size

- Silver and copper: give attractive colors

Equation for Deviation of melting point from the bulk value

Δθ = (2Toσ) /(ρLr)

Δθ = Deviation of melting point from the bulk value

To = Bulk melting point

σ = Surface tension coefficient for a liquid‐solid interface

ρ = Particle density

r = Particle radius

L = Latent heat of fusion

What are known nanomaterial properties?

1. Higher surface area to volume ratio , reactivity, and

surface energy

2. Reduced melting point (spacing between atoms is reduced due to a huge

fraction of surface atoms)

3. Better catalytic/chemical efficiency (due to high SA/V ratio)

4. Improved mechanical properties (due to reduced probability of defects)

5. Optical properties (Semiconductor Blue Shift due to an increased band gap; Metallic Nanoparticles Color Changes due to Surface

Plasmons Resonances)

6. Electrical conductivity (decreases due to

increased surface scattering; increases due to better ordering and ballistic transport) --> tunable with size

7. Increased perfection enhances chemical stability

8. Biological properties (increased permeability through biological barriers; improved biocompatibility)

Which of the following examples of physical properties is not

related (not affected) to nanoscale?

1. Brownian motion

2. Electrostatic

3. Gravity

4. Van der Walls

5. Quantum mechanic

3. Gravity

Which of the following statement is right about surface area to

volume ratio?

1. Surface area increase with decreased size

2. Volume increases with decreased size

3. Surface area to volume ratios decrease with size

4. Surface area to volume ratios is constant with size

5. Surface area to volume ratios in bulk materials is much larger than micro

structures.

3. Surface area to volume ratios decrease with size

Which of the following statement is right about nanoscale effect?

1. Melting point is proportional to particle radius (r)

2. Melting point is proportional to particle density

3. Melting point is not related to size of the materials

4. Melting point is proportional to 1/r

5. None of the above

4. Melting point is proportional to 1/r

Reference Equation for Deviation of melting point from the bulk value :

Δθ = (2Toσ) /(ρLr)

Choose the right statement about covalent bonding:

1. Covalent bondings include Van der Walls, dipole‐dipole, and ionic interactions

2. Covalent bondings are weak electrical bonds between molecules

3. Covalent bonding is typically ~100‐fold weaker than non‐covalent bonds

4. Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms

5. Thermal energy is greater than covalent bonding in biological system

4. Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms

Physical properties changes vary with _____ and depend on _________

size; the chemistry and

arrangement of the building blocks in dimensional

structures

Examples of physical properties

- Melting point

- Hardness

- Optical properties

- Magnetic property

- Electrical conductivity

What are finite size effects of nanostructure properties?

Electronic bands are gradually converted to molecular

orbitals.

Confining electrons to small geometries results

in "particle‐in‐a‐box" energy levels.

Nanostructures are

difficult to describe using either solid state physics (solid

materials) or quantum chemistry (molecules and atoms

What are surface and interface effects of nanostructure properties?

A high percentage of atoms in nanomaterials are on the

surface (or interface)

Ex: 5nm spherical particle: 50% of the atoms are on the surface

The electronic properties of bulk materials are

dominated by ___________.

electron scattering

(Electrons travel at a drift velocity depending on the

applied voltage (Ohm's law).

The scattering events that contribute to resistance occur

with mean free paths that are typically tens of nm in

many metals.)

Examples of 0-D Structures

- nanodots, nanoparticles

Examples of 1-D Structures

- nanowires

- nanorods

- nanotubes

Examples of 2-D Structures

- thin films

- planar wells

- super lattices

Examples of 3-D Structures

- Bulk materials

What is nanostructure?

- At least one dimension is below 100 nm

- One dimension is below 100 nm, and second dimension

is below microns.

- In general, 0‐D, 1‐D and 2‐D nanostructures/nanomaterials are _________.

nanowires

graphene

nanotubes

nanoparticles

What are classified as nanoparticles?

metals

semiconductors

non‐conductors

What are classified as nanowires?

metals

semiconductors

What are classified as nanotubes?

metals

semiconductors

What is characteristic of graphene?

metallic

semiconducting

What are nanowires?

nanoscale/microscale wires that have a width a few to a hundred nanometers in diameter (length is not limited)

1-D nanostructures

What benefit do nanowires provide in electronic device applications?

greatly reduce the size of electronic devices while allowing us to increase

the efficiency of those devices

What are applications of nanowires?

- Field effect transistors

- Thermoelectric materials

- Light emitting diodes

- Sensors