History of Pharmacy

Galen (130-200 AD)

father of compounding, ancient Rome

documented medicinal plants

Magna Carta of Pharmacy

1240, established pharmacy as separate from medicine

where and when was the first recorded pharmacy in America?

Philadelphia in 1729

pharmacies in America in the 1700s

dispensing physician, apothecary shop

more of a general store, wholesale druggist

lack of regulation

primary focus was compounding medications

where and when was the first college of pharmacy established?

in Philadelphia in 1821

pharmacy in the 1800s in America

a pharmacist’s education consisted of apprenticeship, but this is only as good as the teacher

people would seek out fountain drinks from their local drug stores to cure common ailments

John Pemberton

pharmacist based out of Atlanta post civil war

created a tonic that combined coca wine with African kola nut

sold as a patent medicine in 1886 in drug store soda fountains

claimed his tonic could cure morphine addictions, indigestion, nerve disorders, and headaches

pharmacy in the beginning of 20th century

pharmaceutical industry starting to ramp up

issues with adulteration and misinformation, massive acceleration during WWII

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

prohibited foods and drugs that were distributed through interstate commerce to be adulterated (changed or contaminated) or misbranded (labeling)

no information needed to be submitted beforehand

paved the way for the FDA

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938

established quality standards, replaced Food and Drug Act of 1906

individualization began to disappear (count, pour, lick, and stick)

resulted from 107 deaths in 1937—children unknowingly drank antifreeze in sulfanilamide

all new drugs on the market must be proven safe—have directions for use, list all ingredients, application to FDA

certain drugs were grandfathered in

Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951

amendment to the FDCA 1938

established 2 classes of drugs—legend (caution: federal law prohibits dispensing without a prescription) and OTC

passed with hopes to increase medical supervision of certain drugs

Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendment of 1962

guidelines for the process of drug approval—safe and effective before marketing, efficacy had to include well-controlled clinical trials

pregnancy categories

FDA also had to approve the marketing-disclosures of efficacy and side effects

established GMP

William Procter

considered to be the father of American pharmacy

APhA, US Pharmacopeia, First Pharmacy Textbook, Ed. Am J of Pharmacy

emphasized that pharmacy is more than dispensing, it is about having a knowledge of the drugs, etc

Hepler and Strand 1980s

responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life

the outcomes are cure of disease, elimination or reduction of patient’s symptomatology, arresting or slowing of a disease process, and preventing a disease or symptomatology

pharmacist cooperates with a patient and other professionals in designing, implementing, and monitoring a therapeutic plan

necessary element of health care

pharmacist is responsible for this