Music Final

Early 20th Century Period

1900-1930

Early 20th Century Period Philosophy

Modernism, Dadaism, Surrealism, There is a push back on tonality in music

Modernism - aims to break classical and traditional forms

Early 20th Century Period Philosophy In literature

there is - individualism, experimentation, absurdity, symbolism, and formalism

Dadaism

absurdity, experimentation

Surrealism

paintings

Early 20th Century Period There is a push back on

tonality in music, meter (organization of time), Tonality - organization of the pitches, melody - defined shape and phrase

Early 20th Century Period Ballet

Tchaikovsky Nutcracker ballet, Ballet Russes - 1909 was new. 1912 Igor Stravinsky - ballet + puppetry

Early 20th Century Period 1913 - Stravinsky - The Rite of Spring

Music was a controversy (literally a fist fight). He purposely sat people with different ideals together to start a fight, It was harsh, primitive, Primitivism - Stravinsky's early music, Paved the way for the abandonment of tonality

Early 20th Century Period 1913 Vienna

Skandalkonzert Arnold Schoenberg and Anton Webern, and Alban Berg, all presented music with Alexander Zemlinsky and Gustav Mahler, Very experimental, Words in music (people demanded that they should be sent to the insane asylum) slap occurred in the fight - called Slap concert

Early 20th Century Period Vernacular/popular music

continues to have melody, does not abandon tonality, well-received

Early 20th Century Period Four things occur

Atonalism/Serialism, New Tonalist, Avant Garde - abandon all things/experimentation (what makes music music vs sound, philosophical), Minimalism

Early 20th Century Period Atonalism

Kicked off by Schoenberg, has pupils of Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg, these three are called the 2nd Viennese school (in Vienna) (the first school was Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven)

Arnold Schoenberg

Early 20th Century Period Atonalist, didn't abandon tonality but presses to discover new options. Creates 12 tone row - idea is that row picks the music, random is how you decide to pick from the row, Sprechstimme - speaking voice - starting region of where they pitch, can go wherever the singer decides

Alban Berg

Early 20th Century Period Atonalist, uses music gestures or patterns in normal music, uses the 12 pitches and rearranges within the rows to be more musical, Wozzeck and Lulu (atonalism operas) feels more tonal without using tonality to guide the pitches

Anton Webern

Early 20th Century Period Atonalist, most atonal of all of them, composition less than 10 mins, only uses what on the row, chamber music, Composes during World War II, music was not accepted by the Nazi, composed in private, gets shot on accident, some music was used for fire, Popularity didn't come until the war was over and when people could listen to whatever they wanted

Charles Ives

(American) Early 20th Century Period Atonalist, not music education from Western sources, was an insurance salesman, Organist and composer, dissonances and clashes, writes in polytonality, starts composing atonal music before Arnold Schoenberg,

polytonal

different staffs in different keys at the same time

Early 20th Century Period New music

Jazz/Tin Pan Alley and Ragtime

jazz

Early 20th Century Jazz/Tin Pan Alley and Ragtime

Begins in New Orleans, Buddy Bolden Jazz Trumpeter, Marching Bands and John Philip Sousa

Early 20th Century Ragtime

Scott Joplin. published and purchased, complex to be interesting, are catchy, Maple Leaf Rag, He didn't like that he was only recognized for Ragtime so he also composed classical music too, Opera Treemonisha - ragtime style opera

Early 20th Century Jazz

Swing time, blue notes, During WW1 and WW2 major form of entertainment, associated with dancing. now - you listen not dance, Bebop, Hard Bop, scat singing and playing, Rhythm and Blues “Chicago, is considered “dead music” can trace the start, then develop process,

1960 - Miles Davis

Modal Jazz

Wynton Marsalis

today has made sure the early forms of jazz has not vanished

Jazz bands (grew from

marching bands) turned into swing bands, become known as big bands

Early 20th Century Tin Pan Alley

Cole Porter and George Gershwin, Start of Broadway musicals is linked to this as well

Gershwin was a caller

Tin Pan Alley (would take a new song, and then go somewhere publish, go sing the song, and someone would pick up the song) so that ppl would buy it (the music sheet), created “popular” music, Writes Porgy and Bess and musicals

Middle 20th Century Period

1930-1970

Middle 20th Century Period Art

Modernist, Impression, Dadaism, Surrealism

Middle 20th Century Impression 1900s

idealized world - to come, Courbet, Claude Monet. Renoir and Monet, Monet defines, Salon of Rejects (art was denied), post impressionism - like van Gogh, unique play of light,

Middle 20th Century Dadaism

After WW1 - created art beyond reason, meaningless in everything, Dali

Middle 20th Century Surrealism

Dali, Kahlo, Started in Paris, wanted to reach unchoice part of the mind, no control of the mind, Freudian Dreams

Middle 20th Century New Tonal Composers

Richard Strauss, Maurice Ravel, William Grant Still, Aaron Copland, Benjamin Britten, Leonard Bernstein**

Richard Strauss

Middle 20th Century, 1864-1949 Wrote Tone poems (short orchestral pieces), Art song for voice and piano, Then switches to opera. Wagnerian lineage, Wrote 6-7 famous operas, uses chromaticism and close harmonies (that wouldn't have been chosen by Romantic period)

Maurice Ravel

Middle 20th Century 1875-1937, Part of Impressionism (but in music), uses tonality, Blends tonality to build new chord textures, Chamber music, orchestra, piano, solo voice, Most famous Bolero 1928 (uses Spanish motifs) simple melodic repeat but changes it

William Grant Still

Middle 20th Century 1895-1978 African American Tonal composer. symphonies, ballets, operas, chorals, art song, solos, “Dean of Afro-American composer,” First to conduct a major symphonic, Symphony No 1 Afro-Amero, First to have his opera performed by major opera

Aaron Copland

Middle 20th Century 1900-1990 Known for orchestral works (folk music and American), He visited Mexico and got influence from there, studied in France at Tanglewood, Blended innovations in modern world with traditional folk music of American, Appalachian Spring 1944 and Billy the Kid (Ballet), Rodeo, film score for Mice and Men, and Fanfare for the Common Man, After WW2, he experimented with serialism

Benjamin Britten

Middle 20th Century 1913-1976, British composer, Composed a lot for the tenor voice (his partner Peter Pears) he composed a lot for them, Studied Henry Purcell, Realizations created piano parts from chords, Folk songs, wrote song cycles for orchestra, Wrote one large scale choral work “The War Requiem” response to the war, Christmas music too. The four C interludes

Leonard Bernstein

Middle 20th Century 1918-1990, American Jewish composer, West Side Story, Candide - Glitter and Be Gay (famous Aria) Symphony 3 Kaddish, Chichester Psalms, Conductor and educator - Recorded lectures, Was a fan of Charles Ives (atonality)

Middle 20th Century Homosexuality and Music

Tchaikovsky one of the first (struggle with homosexuality), Benjamin Britten wrote music for his partner (was illegal), fairly open, used art to look about the struggle of homosexuality, used it to point how society, Aaron Copland homosexual but private, Leonard Bernstein also private

Late 20th Century Period

1970-2000

Late 20th Century Period Philosophy

Post Modernism

Late 20th Century Period Post Modernism

1950s literary movement - Jacques Derrida. Rejection of Modernism trends, Deconstruction - Skepticism of the “Grand Narrative,” Rejection of the stability of meaning, Embracing relativism, Pluralism, Rejection of Binary oppositions

Late 20th Century Period Avant Garde Composers

Harry Partch, Olivier Messiaen, John Cage, Milton Babbitt, Gyorgy Ligeti, Earle Brown, George Crumb

Harry Partch

Late 20th Century Period Avant Garde Composer 1901-1974. California, interested in Asian music, more tones in scale than in diatonic scale that was being used in the West, 29 pitches in an octave (instead of 12), Just intonation (equal tuning across the octave), design piano and guitar that could play 29, 43 in 1 octave too new scale, creates new instruments

Olivier Messiaen

Late 20th Century Period Avant Garde Composer 1908-1992, French. Organist, Teacher, composer, experiment with serialism (atonalism), applied serialism to duration. Applied serialism to dynamic and timbre as well. Randomized many aspects of music, used the sound of birds and incorporated, more sustainable existence than Harry Partch, Wrote some pieces for organ and for church

John Cage

Late 20th Century Period Avant Garde Composer 1912-1992, Los Angeles, student of Arnold Schoenberg, but did not follow the 12 tone system, sounds themselves are enough to create music, chance music, 4’33”, just stopwatch whatever took place during that time was music, water walk, Museum of Temporary Art - a room that is one of his pieces, anything is music

Milton Babbitt

Late 20th Century Period Avant Garde Composer 1916-2011, Electronic music, tape music, synthesizers, sounds on tape and placed alongside of other things, atonalist, serialist, no limits of key and time, interested in jazz, incorporated jazz without being tonal, worked on Mark 2 synthesizer, Major influence in early synthesizers, Princeton

Gyorgy Ligeti

Late 20th Century Period Avant Garde Composer 1923-2006, Romania, experiments with older forms, takes polyphony and turns it into micro polyphony (the time is off), wrote a surreal opera, used themes of composers of older periods like Baroque, Polyrhythms, used natural tuning of horns

Earle Brown

Late 20th Century Period Avant Garde Composer 1926-2002 American composer, own system of notation - Open form, allowed graphical representation of some sort and performers would interpret it and turn it into music, used by computer programmers, December 1952 - entirety graphic score, no instructions, any instrument, any direction, all is left up to interpretation of performers

George Crumb

Late 20th Century Period Avant Garde Composer 1929-2022 American, the staves are different, you have to see while listening to understand, different shapes

Late 20th Century Period Avant Garde themes

prepared piano (add things to the piano), only successful for a limited people, but will never be popular music

1960s Rock and Roll

Chubby Checkers and the Twist were popular among white culture, Elvis Presley - comes back from military more mellow approach, American Bandstand, The Beatles, Girl Groups, Phil Spector, Girl Groups, Phil Spector, Surf Music - The Beach Boys in England - Rolling Stones, the Beatles, psychedelic rock - Pink Floyd, Hard Rock

1960s Rock and Roll Folk style revival

Anti war, Peaceful protest

1960s Rock and Roll Motown

giving opportunities to Black artists, Stevie Wonder, Jackson Five, Ray Charles

1970s Rock and Roll

Break up of the Beatles, Psychedelic rock morphs into hard rock, heavy metals, Sport stadium for concerts, Top 40 radio, Real rock studio, Car stereo becomes a thing, FM radio, playable 8 track tapes, audio cassettes, glam bands, soft rock they start looking backwards, They start making compilation albums like Elvis,

1970s Rock and Roll New Genres

Reggae becomes known around Jamaica (Bob Marley), Disco subculture from gay community, Punk rock turns into New Wave (they start to include synthesizers) not played on the radio more on the clubs, popular but not readily available, Singer songwriters - more folk style they write their own (more piano and guitar) John Denver, Hard Rock develops - Deep Purple, KISS, AC/DC, Heartland/American Rock - Bruce S, Progressive Rock - Rush, Pink Floyd, Southern Rock/Country Rock - The Eagles, Outlaw Country - not mainstream, Blues rock, Electronic music - started in Germany

1970s Rock and Roll on radio

Soft rock got a lot of time - the Carpenters, Bill Joel, Fleetwood Mac, Pop music also got a lot of time on the radio (ABBA, Jackson 5)

1970s Rock and Roll Out of Motown comes

R&B like Stevie Wonder, Funk comes out, Disco at the end

1980 Rock and Roll

John Lennon killed, MTV starts in 1981, only rock videos, news about rock, they played New Wave, made things popular that wasn't played on radio, VH1 1981, More music videos, high quality, CD starts, Tape cassette, Walkman, records are dead, charity concerts

1980 Rock and Roll New Genres

Rap and Hip Hop starts (DJing, and breakdancing, graffiti), Pop - Madonna, Bill Joel, Synth Pop and electronic pop, Mainstream rock - Bon Jovi, Heavy metal - AC/DC less presence on MTV but yes on the radio, Speed Metal - Metallica, Punk Hard Core - the Misfits, New Wave Alternatives - The Smiths (not much play on the radio but), Rockabilly and ska - Stray Cats etc - linked to Reggae

1990 Rock and Rolls

Hip Hop. Alternative Rock - subgenres become popular like grunge become more mainstream and played on radio, influence of MTV, Major labels start getting with them too, band change model, they don't focus on albums, they focus on concerts, no more 3 mins song, The best recording is the one in the concert not the album, Heavy metal blends with other genres, out of disco comes house music, Boy bands and girl bands, singer songwriters become mostly women, barely band just piano or guitar, Alternative - Radiohead the Cranberries, Grunge - Nirvana comes out of Seattle, Brit Pop, Teen Pop - Backstreet Boys, Spice Girls, Destiny's Child, Contemporary R and B, metal - Metallica, Hard Rock (not as heavy as metal), Country Crossovers, Reggae

2000- Our Modern Day The Minimalist

Composer takes small set of information (small pitch, or rhythmic pattern) do little changes along the way, Very rhythmic with constant patterns, more accessible (not always a sense of melody but has meter), Less defined melody than popular music

2000 Minimalists

Steve Reich, John Adams, Philip Glass

Steve Reich

2000 Minimalists, instrumental music like percussion, known for the repetitive patterns, worked less with melody and more with rhythm, uses harmony as a rhythm, Composed a few operas and music for film, some Jewish music as well, pendulum music as well, Clapping Music, some is one avant garde, minimal tools and materials

John Adams

2000 Minimalists, Best known for operas, Minimalist technique in opera, his operas are historical or based on issues, Nixon in China, Death of Klinghoffer, Controversial, expressed melody but in a minimalist lens

Philip Glass

2000 Minimalists, Diverse, scoring, piano, film scoring, Meditative music, calming effect, Focus on historical figures mostly from our time, Akhnaten, Satyagraha - Gandhi story, 24 operas, Shaped Opera in America

Atonal

most likely don’t like it/don't understand

New tonal

easy to connect

Avant Garde

interesting to listen to, but hard to call music

Minimalist

mostly like it

Classic Blues

As freed slaves migrated north, the blues came with them. Classic Blues becomes a staple in New York, Chicago, Detroit, and other major cities. It is often sung by females, and the accompaniment includes electric instruments.

Jazz is a fusion of many things and grows out of

the melting pot of New Orleans. It will continue to develop throughout the 20th century, starting as something to dance to, then something to listen to, then big band jazz brings back dancing. Bebop Jazz was always more intellectual, showing off the skills of the players. Miles Davis pioneers Modal Jazz in 1958. As it develops, Jazz has a serious path, but also a 'soft jazz' path designed for easy listening and entertainment value. Soft jazz often reflects other contemporary music of its time.

Sound Recording

The ability to create quality recordings and systems for playing them back radically changes music.

Book Musical

The early successes included Show Boat by Jerome Kern and several by Rodgers and Hammerstein (Sound of Music, King and I, South Pacific, Oklahoma, and so on.) Due to the limitations of amplification, these early musicals were accompanied by full orchestras and sung without amplification. As microphones got smaller, wireless, and better in quality, the singing style of musicals shifted to accommodate the change. Orchestras were replaced with small pit bands.

Music Theater

Broadway musicals are the lineage of opera. Today, the best opera companies employ the same technical innovations used on Broadway. The early musicals (pre-amplification) are mostly performed by opera companies as part of their season. Current music theater singers might find them difficult to sing! Broadway gets its start at the same time that Puccini's great operas are coming to an end.

Art Movements Based in Non-natural Representation

Dadaism, Surrealism, Cubism, Impressionism, Pointillism, and so on. Coinciding with World War I and Modernism, we see a shift in art away from naturalism. At the same time, Arnold Schoenberg and Charles Ives are challenging concepts about tonality. Avant-garde composers like John Cage will challenge the very essence of what makes music…music.

Modernism

Philosophical and arts movement arising in Western society during the early 1900's. It reflected new art forms, increased urbanization, new technologies, war, and shifts in architecture. It explicitly rejected the ideology of realism. also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and for many, rejected religious belief.

Postmodernism

Growing out of a literary criticism developed largely by Jacques Derrida in the 1950's. Postmodern thinking is rooted in being skeptical towards any "grand narrative". It is against the idea of certainty or stability in meaning. It encourages relativism, pluralism, irony, irreverence, and eclecticism. It is a rejection of modernism. If you were born after 1950, your way of thinking has been shaped by these philosophies.

Important Note

All of these -isms and philosophical and artistic ideas are a reflection of society - and they explain so much about the radical changes in music during the 1900's.

Rock and Roll

Finds its stride in the 1950's. It is a fusion of jazz, rhythm and blues, boogie-woogie, gospel, and country music. Elements of what becomes rock and roll can be found in blues records from the 1920's and country records from the 1930's. Early rock and roll was led by piano or saxophone, but guitar became the primary lead instrument by the mid-1950's. Early rock used a string-bass (same one as in the symphonic orchestra). By the late 1950's that had been replaced by the electric "Fender" bass.

Most sources credit Chuck Berry with creating

rock-n-roll. Other pioneer artists were Little Richard (an SDA who left his career after a few years), Jerry Lee Lewis, and eventually Elvis Presley.

Societally, rock and roll played a major role in tearing down the walls of

racial segregation in the USA. In the early days, many of the songs were created by African-American artists, but made popular by white artists who covered the songs. Seeing that the white artists were getting rich for inferior versions of the songs, radio disk-jockeys (DJ) fought back by playing the original and refusing to play the version promoted by the recording labels. Motown Records in Detroit took additional steps to solidify the fame of black artists.

Rock and Roll has many offshoots over the years and has effectively impacted music around the globe. Some (not all) of the sub-genres are

Boogie Woogie, Classic Rock, Hard Rock, Heavy Metal, Folk Rock, Disco, Punk, R&B, Funk, Hip Hop, New Wave, Grunge, EDM, K Pop, and so forth.

Tonal Music in the 20th Century

Partly due to innovations by Richard Wagner, tonal composers at the end of the Romantic Period no longer sound like music from its start. In the early 1900s, a few composers are looking back to the high points of Romanticism, but most are being influenced by extreme developments in other musical circles. Composing for film scores becomes a significant source of income, particularly for tonal composers. The operatic conventions of recitative and aria are mostly replaced by a sense of flow. Natural usage of text and focus on capturing associated emotions becomes critical.

Atonal Music - The Second Viennese School

l gets started when Arnold Schoenberg creates the 12 Tone Row. It is a system for randomly choosing pitches, as opposed to dictating pitches by key centers. He also creates a technique called Sprechstimme (speak singing), which allows for the idea of vocal glides without true pitch centers.

Historians came up with this terminology - The First Viennese School being

Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.

Arnold Schoenberg He has two 'disciples'

Alban Berg and Anton Webern. The three constitute the Second Viennese School.

Meanwhile, over in the USA, Charles Ives is writing atonal music before Schoenberg, without awareness of each other.

an insurance salesman by day, composer by hobby. He is particularly interested in polytonal compositions. Meaning, more than one key happening at the same time. Sometimes he also has more than one rhythmic meter happening at the same time.