Biology Lecture 2010 Exam 2 Austin Peay

1) Regulation

2) Protection

3) Sensation

4) Communication

5) Excretion

6) Immunity

7) Dermis is a significant blood reservoir

8) Synthesis of Vitamin D

What are the skin functions?

1.5mm - 4mm

What is the Variable Thickness of the skin?

Epidermis and Dermis

What are the 2 principal portions of the skin?

Hypodermis (Beneath the dermis)

What is the Subcutaneous layer?

Epithelial tissue

What tissue is the epidermis made of?

Areolar connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue

What tissues make up the dermis?

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, and merkel cells

What are the four cells types in the stratified squamous epithelium?

water proof barrier, and filled with keratin (protein)

What are some details of keratinocytes?

Produce melanin (pigment), protects against UV light, and passes melanin to keratinocytes.

What is the function of melanocytes?

Phagocytes (from immune system), help fight bacteria

what is the function of Langerhans cells?

UV light

What easily damages langerhans cells?

Sensory transduction (touch), works for nervous system, and has nerves attached

What is the function of Merkel cells?

Stratum Corneum

Stratum Lucidum (only found in thick skin; palms and feet)

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Basale

Identify the layers of the skin form superior to inferior.

Stratum Basale

In what layer do you find melanocytes?

Stratum Spinosum

In what layer do you find Langerhans cells?

Stratum Basale (Hairless skin)

In what layer do you find Merkel cells?

Langerhans cell

Identify cell

Merkel cell

Identify cell

Melanocytes

Identify cell

Keratinocytes

Identify cell

has 20-30 layers of flattened, dead, keratin filled cells, Continuously shed and replaced

What is the basic function of Stratum corneum?

3-5 layers of clear flattened dead cells with keratin. Only found in thick skin.

Basic function of stratum lucidum

3-5 layers of flattened cells with keratohyaline granules. Where the nucleus is broken down, cell death is initiated.

basic function of stratum granulosum

8-10 layers of closely packed cells. spot desmosomes as cell junction. Contains langerhans cells

Basic function of stratum spinosum

a single layer of cuboidal/columnar cells, stem cells (Keratinocytes), Melanocytes, and Merkel cells located here. Stem cells (keratinocytes) mitosis pushes the other layers to the top.

Basic function of stratum basale

2-4 weeks

How long does it take for each cell to form and to move from the stratum basale to the surface?

Papillary and reticular regions

What two regions make up the Dermis?

Areolar connective tissue

what tissue makes the papillary region?

Dense irregular connective tissue

What tissue makes up the reticular region?

Dermal papillae

name this structure

Meissner's corpuscles

name this structure

Melanin

What produces yellow to black pigment

Carotene

what produces yellow/orange pigment in the dermis?

Hemogloblin

What produces a red to pink tint?

Erythema

A red skin color is caused by what?

Pallor

A pale skin color is caused by what?

Cyanosis

A bluish tint of the skin is caused by what?

Jaundice

A yellow/orange skin color is caused by what?

Addison's disease

A metallic bronzy skin color is caused by what?

bruises (contusions)

Black and blue marks on the skin is caused by what?

From the stratum basale; least malignant - 99% full cure

what are the characteristics of Basal cell carcinoma?

From the stratum spinosum; prognoses is good if removed early

What are the characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma?

Melanocyte cancer; highly metastatic; and resistant to chemotherapy

What are the characteristics of melanoma?

A- asymmetric

B- boarder irregularity

C- color: several present

D- Diameter; greater than 6mm

Used to identify type/severity of skin pathologies

What does the ABCD Rule stand/used for?

only the epidermis is damaged; symptoms include localized redness, swelling, and pain; No Blisters; heals in 2-3 days; Partial thickness

Characteristics of 1st degree burns

Epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged; symptoms mimic 1st degree burns but blisters appear; heals in 3-4 weeks with good care; partial thickness

Characteristics of 2nd degree burns

Entire thickness of the skin is damaged; burned areas appear grey-white, cherry red, or black; there is no initial edema (swelling) or pain (since nerve endings were destroyed); much fluid loss and infection - skin grafting is commonly needed; full thickness

Characteristics of 3rd degree burns?

Over 25% of the body has 2nd degree burns

Over 10% of the body has 3rd degree burns

There are 3rd degree burns on the face, hands, or feet.

Burns are considered critical if:?

Medulla

Identify

Cortex

identify

Cuticle

identify

Sebum

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

arrector pili muscle

identify

Smooth muscle

what type of muscle tissue is the arrector pili muscle made of?

holocrine gland

What kind of gland is the sebaceous gland?

excess hair production in females or pre-pubertal males; male pattern hair in females

what is Hirsutism?

excess testosterone production (from tumor or hormonal imbalance)

what causes hirsutism?

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT); genetic predisposition

What causes male pattern baldness?

sweat glands

What are sudoriferous glands?

Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

What are the two types of sudoriferous glands?

Eccrine glands are most abundant in the palms, soles, and forehead

Of the two types of sudoriferous glands, which one is most abundant and where?

Apocrine glands are least abundant located in the axillary and anogenital (groin) regions; also in the areolae of the breast

Which of the two sudoriferous glands are least abundant and where are they located?

Merocrine process

Through what process do apocrine glands secrete?

Ceruminous (ear wax) glands and mammary glands

What are the two types of modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands?

Produce bitter waxy secretions (cerumen) to protect against ectoparasites (bugs); located in the external auditory meatus (ear canal) or into local sebaceous glands

What is the function/location of ceruminous glands?

highly specialized in milk production; located in the mammary

What is the function/locations of mammary glands?

Estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin

what regulates mammary glands?

An error of the cystic Fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR Gene); CFTR "stuck" in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

What causes cystic fibrosis?

it reduces chloride reabsorption, ,changing the characteristics of most glandular secretions. Primarily affecting the respiratory and digestive systems with thick clogging secretions.

What does cystic fibrosis affect?

With a chloride sweat test; CF babies have an elevated sweat chloride levels

how is cystic fibrosis detected in infants?

37 years

what is the average lifespan of someone with CF?

Tightly packed cells with keratin

What are nails?

Under the root of the nail

Where is the nail matrix located?

Nail growth

What happens at the nail matrix?

Support, protection, mineral homeostasis, movement, and the site of blood cell production.

what are the functions of bone?

Bone is a reservoir of Calcium

What is bone a reservoir of?

The shaft of a long bone

What is the Diaphysis?

The ends of the a long bone

What is the Epiphysis?

Diaphysis

Identify

Proximal Epiphysis

Identify

Distal epiphysis

Identify

Medullary cavity or marrow cavity

What does the Diaphysis contain?

Red (hemopoietic) bone marrow

What kind of bone marrow do infants have?

Red bone marrow is gradually replaced by yellow (fatty) bone marrow

What does red (hemopoietic) bone marrow get replaced with as time passes?

A growth plate in the epiphysis

What is the epiphyseal plate?

Hyaline cartilage

What is the epiphyseal plate mate of?

Articular cartilage

What is covering the epiphysis?

Hyaline cartilage

What is articular cartilage made of?

Periosteum

identify letter E

Fibrous layer (outer layer) and Osteogenic layer (inner layer)

What are the two layers that make up the periosteum?

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

What two cells are in the osteogenic layer (Inner layer) of the periosteum?

Bone forming (building bone)

What do osteoblasts do?

Bone resorption (teardown bone)

What do osteoclasts do?

Dense irregular connective tissue

What tissue makes up the fibrous layer (outer layer) of the periosteum?

Nerves and blood vessels

What does the periosteum have a large supply of?

Sharpey's fibers

What anchors the periosteum to the bone?

Finasteride

What is used to help treat male pattern baldness?

By secreting collagen and other organic components for bone synthesis

How do Osteoblasts form bone?

Mature bone cell

What is an osteocyte?

In the lacunae which are connected to one another by canaliculi

Where are osteocytes located?