Cells and Structures of the Brain (Chapter 1)

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MS

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attacks oligodendrocytes and kills portions of myelin sheathing in the CNS- causes neurons to slow down /not perform properly.

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Tumors

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- almost always driven by glial cells (glioma), astrocytes in particular are the worst (astrocytoma)

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32 Terms

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MS

attacks oligodendrocytes and kills portions of myelin sheathing in the CNS- causes neurons to slow down /not perform properly.

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Tumors

- almost always driven by glial cells (glioma), astrocytes in particular are the worst (astrocytoma)

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control blood flow

Astrocytes- using their end feet on capillaries;"huggies "around synapses; help for the outer layer of the BBB; thousand of processes from a single cell body.

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Neural Plasticity

- happens at the level of the synapse- mods made to catch more /less NTs in the synaptic cleft.

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Interneurons

- covers actions b /w motor and sensory.

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Axon

collateral- branching of the towards the end, leads to the terminal /terminal endings /terminal end bulbs (the neurotransmitter is packaged in the terminal bulbs)

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Oligodendrocytes

- specialized cells in the brain /spinal cord (CNS) that form myelin sheaths around axons (this is their only job)

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Microglial cells

- housekeepers, chomp up debris in brain that shouldnt be there → if they chomp too much, there is inflammation and swelling (edema)

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Axon hillock

- signals are computed (like doing math); if the signal is positive enough, the AH will send it along to fire.

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Sensory neurons

- receive info from enviro, like touch cells- external source and coding.

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Axon

- transmits info thru the conduction zone; can be coated in myelin sheaths (made by glial cells)

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Structure known thanks to Ramon y Cajal (1852

1934) using a camera affixed to a microscope

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The Neuron Doctrine

neurons are structurally, metabolically, and functionally independent; info is transmitted from neuron to neuron across a synapse

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Dendrites

branches

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Soma (cell body)

contains info

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Nucleus

inside the cell body

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Axon hillock

signals are computed (like doing math); if the signal is positive enough, the AH will send it along to fire

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Axon

transmits info thru the conduction zone; can be coated in myelin sheaths (made by glial cells)

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Nodes of ranvier

gaps b/w each myelin sheath

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Axon collateral

branching of the axon towards the end, leads to the axon terminal/terminal endings/terminal end bulbs (the neurotransmitter is packaged in the terminal bulbs)

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Motor neurons

synapse on muscle and make them move

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Interneurons

covers actions b/w motor and sensory

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Multi-polar

many dendrite branches

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Bipolar

one dendritic branch

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Key terms

synaptic cleft, presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, neurotransmitters, receptors

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Oligodendrocytes

specialized cells in the brain/spinal cord (CNS) that form myelin sheaths around axons (this is their only job)

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Schwann cells

individual cells building myelin for motor neurons; each individual cell has its own nucleus; only in the PNS

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MS attacks oligodendrocytes and kills portions of myelin sheathing in the CNS

causes neurons to slow down/not perform properly

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Astrocytes

control blood flow using their end feet on capillaries; "huggies" around synapses; help for the outer layer of the BBB; thousand of processes from a single cell body

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Radial glial cells

only during prenatal development, help cell migration

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Tumors

almost always driven by glial cells (glioma), astrocytes in particular are the worst (astrocytoma)

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Microglial cells

housekeepers, chomp up debris in brain that shouldnt be there → if they chomp too much, there is inflammation and swelling (edema)