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Saturation point
The maximum amount of water vapor that air can hold at a given temperature.
Adiabatic cooling
The cooling effect that occurs when air rises and experiences reduced pressure.
Adiabatic heating
The warming effect that occurs when air descends and experiences increased pressure.
Latent heat release
The energy released when water vapor condenses to liquid water.
Hadley cell
A convection cell located between the equator and 30° N and S.
Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
The latitude receiving the most intense sunlight, where Hadley cells converge.
Rain shadow
Dry conditions on the leeward side of mountains due to humid winds causing precipitation on the windward side.
Coriolis effect
The deflection of moving objects, including wind patterns, due to Earth's rotation.
Gyres
Large-scale ocean circulation patterns that rotate clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
Thermohaline circulation
A global ocean circulation driven by differences in salt content and water density, contributing to the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt.
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