Anatomy Mod 1: Lower Limb and Pelvic Girdle Lecture Material

Anatomy

Study of Body Structure

Physiology

Study of Body Function (What its does)

What does the Anatomic Position look like

• Standing upright

• feet parallel and on the floor

• head level and looking forward

• arms at sides

• palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from body

Coronal Plane

divides body into anterior and posterior

Transverse Plane

Divides body into superior and inferior parts

Midsagittal plane

Divides body into equal left and right halves

Oblique plane

Passes through specimen at an angle

Posterior

• relative to back

• aka dorsal

Superior

towards head

Inferior

towards feet

What are the anatomic directions, in reference to the head/tail?

Caudal (towards tail), Cranial (towards head), Rostral (towards nose)

Medial

toward midline

Lateral

away from midline

Ipsilateral versus contralateral

Same side vs Opposite Side

Deep

towards the inside of body

Superficial

towards the outside of the body

Proximal

comparatively close to the relative point of attachment

Distal

comparatively far to the relative point of attachment

What are the 2 main body regions?

• Axial Reigon

• Appendicular reigon

What is part of the axial reigon?

Head, Neck, and Trunk (vertical axis of body)

What is part of appendicular reigon

Upper and Lower Limbs

Which cavities are part of the posterior aspect of the body?

Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal

Which cavities are part of the Anterior Ventral Cavity?

• Thoracic cavity (superior to diaphragm)

• Abdominopelvic cavity (inferior to diaphragm; contain 2 cavities divided by pelvic brim of hip bones

  • Abdominal cavity: superior to pelvic brim

  • Pelvic cavity: inferior to pelvic brim

What are ventral cavities lined by?

Serous Membranes

How are serous membranes made?

• Parietal layer: lines internal surface of the body wall

• Visceral layer: covers external surface of organs (viscera)

• Between layers is serous cavity with serous fluid

  • Reduces friction between moving organs

What is the median space in the thoracic cavity called?

mediastinum

• heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, major vessels

What are the serous membranes around the heart called

Pericardium > parietal pericardium, pericardial cavity, visceral pericardium

What are the serous membranes along the lungs called?

Pleura> Parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura

What are the serous membranes around the abdominal organs?

Peritoneum > Parietal peritoneum, Peritoneal cavity, Visceral peritoneum

What are the abdominopelvic regions

R hypochondriac, Epigastric, L hypochondriac, R Lumbar, Umbilical, L lumbar, R iliac, Hypogastrc, L iliac

What are the abdominopelvic quadrants

• RIght upper quadrant (RUQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right lower quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

What is a joint/articulation?

Where bone meets another bone, cartilage, or teeth

Describe the relationship between mobility and stabilty in joints

• more mobility = less stabilty, and vice versa

Different structural classifications of joints

• Fibrous: Bones held together by dense connective tissue

• Cartilaginous joint: bones joined by cartilage

• Synovial joint: bones that are separated by a synovial fluid filled cavity that makes the joint more moveable

Different functional classifications of joints

• Synarthrosis: immobile joint

• Amphiarthrosis: slightly mobile joint

• Diarthrosis: freely movable joint

What are the types of fibrous joints

• Syndesmoses: joints between parallel bones (tibia and fibula) (amphiarthrosis)

• Gomphoses: joints between tooth and the mandible or maxilla (synarthroses)

• Suture: joints between skull/cranial bones (synarthroses)

What are the types of cartilaginous joints

• Synchondroses:bones betwwn ribs and costal cartilages (ex. epiphyseal plate) (synarthroses)

• Symphyses bones joined by pad of fibrocartilage (e. pubic sympasis) (amphiarthroses)

What makes up synovial joints?

1. outer fibrous layer made of dense CT (strengthens joint) part of articulae capsule

2. inner synovial membrane that secrets lubricating synovial fluid, part of articular capsule

3. Articular cartilage: this layer of hyaline cartilage that covers articulating surfaces (reduces friction and acts as shock absorber)

4. Joint cavity: space between articulating bones (has synovial fluid and nourishes chondrocytes of articular cartilage)

5. extrinsic ligaments outside capsule, intrinsic ligaments are thickenings of capsule

6. Bursae (saces outside most joints that contain synovial fluid) whire muscles/bones/ ligaments rub

7. Tendon sheaths: elongated bursae around tendons, where tendons rub each other

8. Fat pads: provide protection

What do ligaments do?

connect bone to bone

What do tendons do?

connect muscle to bone

What are the 3 movements of synovial joints

• Uniaxial: joint moves one plane or axis

• Biaxial: joint moves in 2 planes or axes

• Multiaxial: joint moves in 3 planes or axes

What the different types of synovial joints?

• Plane joints: uniaxial; side-to-side movement

• Hinge joints: uniaxial; like hinge of a door

• Pivot joints: uniaxial; one bone rotates on its longitudinal axis

• Condylar joints: biaxial; oval, concave surface of one bone; convex of the other

• Saddle joints: biaxial; joint surfaces resemble saddle

• Ball-and-socket joints: multiaxial; spherical head into cuplike socket

What are the diff movements of synovial joints

• Gliding: sliding back and forth (plane)

• Flexion: joint angle is decreased

• Extension: joint angle is increased

• Hyperextension: entension beyond the normal range of motion

• Abduction: lateral movement away from midline

• Adduction; medial movement toward midline

• Circumduction: movind dristal end of leg in a circular motion

• Lateral rotation (leg)

• Medial rotation (leg)

• Pronation (medial rotation of forharm, hands posterior)

• Supination (lateral rotaion of forearm, hands anterior)

• Dorsiflexion: superior surface of foot moves towards leg

• Plantar flexion: foot moves so toes moves inferiorly

• Inversion: to turns medialy

• Eversion: toes turn lateraly

What bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?

• every bone except the skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and coccyx

What bones are part of the axial skelton

• skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and coccyx

Pelvis vs pelvic griddle

• pelvis: ossa coxae, sacrum, coccyx

• pelvic girdle: right and left os coxae only

What is the pelvic brim made of?

pubic crest, pectineal line, arcuate line, and sacral promontory

True pelvis vs false pelvis

True pelvis: bony basin inferior to pelvic brim containing pelvic organs

False pelvis: superior to pelvic brim

Major differences between male and demale pelves

• Female: more flared illium

• Pelvic inlet is oval for female and heart shaped for males

• FEMALE SUBPUBIC ANGLE IS WIDER

Which foot bones are part of the tarsals?

• Calcaneus

• Talus

• Navicular

• Cuneiforms

• Cuboid

What is the great toe called?

hallux

What are the three major arches of the foot?

• Medial longitudinal arch: from heel to hallux; highest arch

• Lateral longitudinal arch: from heel to fifth toe; lowest arch

• Transverse arch: perpendicular to other arches, along distal row of tarsals

What are the liagments that support the coxal joint?

• illiofemoral ligament

• ischofemoral ligament

• pubofemoral ligament

• ligaemnt of head of femur

What are the liagments that support the knee joint?

• Quadriceps tendon

• Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

• Tibial (medial) collateral ligament

• Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL)

What are the supporting ligaments of the talocrural (ankle) joint?

• Deltoid ligament

• Lateral ligament

• Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligament

What are some injuries that happen at the coxal joint?

• Hip replacement

What are injuries that can happed in the knee joint?

• Unhappy triad

  • ACL

  • Medial meniscus

  • Medial collateral ligament

What are some injuries that can happen at the talocrural joint?

• Pott’s Fracture > Ankle sprians

  • Lateral ligament

  • Deltoid (medial) ligament

What are the cells that make up muscles called?

Muscle fibers

What happens when muscle fiber cells are active?

the internal changes, such as the movement of bones, blood, and food, causes the cells to shorten and therefore produce movement

Skeletal muscle tissue

• Long cylindrical, stirated fibers

  • multiple nuclei

• Moves body (voluntary)

• attaches to bone or skin

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

• Branched (Y-shaped) aand short cells

• Stirated

• Authorhytmic (initates its own contraction) which causes movement of blood

• Attached end to end by gap junctions called intercalacted discs

• found in myocardium (wall of heart)

• involuntary

Smooth muscle tissue

• cells are short, wide, and tapered

• not stirated

• involuntary

• found in walls of intenal organs

What are the common properties of muscle tissue?

• Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli

• Conductivity: ability to transmit electrical events along the cell membrane

• Contractility: ability to generate tension and shorten cell length

• Elasticity: ability to return to resting length after shortening or lengthening

• Extensibility: ability to be stretched beyond resting length

Main functions of skeletal muscle tissue

• Move the body

• Maintain Posture

• Protect and Support abdominal organs

• Regulate elimination of materials

• Produce heat

what are a bundle of muscle fibers called

fascile

What are individula muscle fibers made up of?

myofibrils

what are myofibrils made up of

myofilaments

what are the layers of connective tissure surrounding the muscle

• Endomysium: surrounds and electrically insulates each muscle fiber (Areolar CT)

• Perimysium: surrounds fascicles (Dense irregular CT)

• Epimysium: surrounds entire muscle (Dense irregular CT)

• Deep fascia:large sheet external to epimysium (Dense irregular CT)

• SUperficial fasica: seperate muscle form skin (areolar and adipose connective tissue

What is it called when a tendon forms a thin flattened sheet

aponeurosis

what is a tendon

attached muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle

Agonist

contraction produces the movement (prime mover)

Antagonist

muscle whose action opposes that of an agonist

Synergist

muscle that assists the agonist in performing its action

fascia lata

deep fascia of thigh that surrounds the muscle and organizes them into compartments (anterior, lateral, posterior, and medial)

Describe how the nervous system can be divided structurally and functionally

Structural division between central and peripheral nervous systems

Functional division between sensory and motor nervous systems

Central Nervous System

Brain and Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia

What are effectors?

Cells that are recieving the impulses, such as muscles or glands

What does the sensory (afferent) nervous system do?

• recieves sensory information from receptors in PNS and transmits it to CNS

• responsible for input to CNS

What are the 2 sensory components?

• Somatic sensory (general senses like touch, pain, pressure, vibration, and proprioception)

• Visceral sensory( unconscous impulses from blood vessels and viscera)

What does the motor (efferent) nervous system do?

• sends impulses from CNS through PNS to muscles and glands

• responsible for output from CNS

What are the two subdivisions of the motor nervous system

• Somatic motor (somatic nervous system; SNS): voluntary; conducts impulses that cause contraction of skeletal muscles

• Autonomic motor (visceral motor; autonomic nervous system; ANS): involuntary; conducts impulses that regulate smooth and cardiac muscle, as well as glands

What are the 2 types of cells in nervous system

Neurons: electrically excitable cells that initiate, transmit, and receive nerve impulses

Glial cells: nonexcitable cells that support and protect the neurons

Qualities of a Neuron

• excitable

• conductive

• secretory

• extremely long lives

• amitotic

• highly metabolic

What are neurons without an axon called?

anaxonic

What is the reigon where the axon connects to the cell body called?

axon hillock

What are the side brances off the main axon

axon collaterals

What are the expanded regions ot the tips of the aborizations

syaptic knobs

What do dendrites do?

recieve signals and transfer them to cell body

what does an axon do

transmit nerve impulses away from the cell body and toward other cells

what are the 4 types of gilial cells in the CNS?

• Astrocytes

• Ependymal cells

• Microglial Cells

• Oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

• Associated with CNS axons only

• Wrap themselves around the axons like electrical tape wrapped around a wire

• This protective wrapping is the myelin sheath

Types of gilial cells that are found in the PNS

Satellite cells regulate fluid around neuron cell bodies in PNS ganglia

Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) form myelin around PNS axons

What does myelination do?

• works through saltatory conduction

• faster nerve impulse

• less energy (atp)> lowers (Action Potential)

• nerve impulses to skeletal muscles

Unmylelinated axons

• continous conduction

• slower rate of nerve impulse conduction

• more ATP uses

• usually connects nerve impulses from pain stimuli

Types of connective tissue around nerves

Endoneurium: areolar connective tissue around each individual axon

Perineurium: dense irregular connective tissue around each fascicle (bundle) of axons

Epineurium: dense irregular connective tissue around the entire nerve

Spinal Nerves in spinal cord

• mixed nerves (sensory and motor)

• Eight cervical nerves (C1 to C8)

• Twelve thoracic nerves (T1 to T12)

• Five lumbar nerves (L1 to L5)

• Five sacral nerves (S1 to S5)

• One coccygeal nerve (Co1)

Where does the spinal cord end?

• conus medullaris

• same level as the L1 vertebra

What is the part of the vertebral canal that extends inferiorly from the spinal cord

cauda equina