Pharmacy Exam Recall - Mustafa File

Comprehensive flashcards covering pharmacology, clinical pharmacy, and pharmaceutical calculations based on the March Recall 2024 notes.

GTN Patch Regimen

For the prevention of angina, the correct regimen is $5-15\,mg$ for $12-16\,hours$ daily.

Norepinephrine (NE) Activity

Norepinephrine acts on $\alpha_1$ receptors causing vasoconstriction.

Cetrimide Cream Preparation

When incorporating $20\%$ olive oil into cetrimide cream, it should be triturated slowly with the existing cream.

Potassium Chloride Extended-Release Preparation

These tablets are prepared using a wax matrix core.

Examples of Weak Acids

Acetic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, boric acid, and salicylic acid.

Factors Affecting Steady-State Concentration

During continuous IV infusion, the steady-state concentration depends mainly on the dosing rate and clearance ($Cl$).

Mannitol Side Effect

Administration of mannitol can cause hypertonic hyponatremia.

IM Injection Absorption Factor

The most important factor affecting drug absorption after IM injection is lipid solubility.

Buffer for pH 4

Lactic acid serves as the best buffer component for an acidic pH of 4.

Para-aminobenzoic Acid (PABA) Metabolite

PABA is metabolized into meta-aminophenol.

Sulfasalazine Clinical Product

This drug yields $5-ASA$ as its active component.

Friability Test Definition

A test that measures a tablet's resistance to abrasion or weight loss during handling.

Official Pharmacopoeial Tablet Tests

According to the transcript, official tests include dissolution, disintegration, weight variation, and content uniformity, while hardness and friability are traditionally considered non-official.

Creatinine Clearance Calculation Factors

Age, body weight, and serum creatinine are the primary factors used in the calculation.

Factors NOT Affecting Optical Rotation

The pH of the solution does not affect optical or molecular rotation.

Ion Trapping

A process occurring when an ionized drug accumulates in a specific compartment, such as using alkalinization of urine to increase the excretion of weak acids.

Diastereomers

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other.

Cationic Surfactants

Standard examples include Cetrimide, Benzalkonium chloride, and Cetylpyridinium chloride, which are often used as antiseptics.

Anionic Surfactants

Standard examples include Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and soaps such as Sodium stearate or Oleic acid.

Pseudoplastic Flow

Also known as thixotropic flow, it is characterized by a decrease in viscosity with an increase in shear.

Gram-Negative Antibiotic Class

Aminoglycosides are identified as highly effective against Gram-negative organisms.

Cytochrome P450 Cofactor

The $CYP$ enzyme system requires $\text{NADPH}$ as a cofactor.

Acyclovir Inactivity

Acyclovir is inactive against the Vaccinia virus.

Doxepin Adverse Effects

Common side effects include dry mouth (hyposalivation), blurred vision, and constipation.

pKa Definition

The negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant, represented as $pKa = -\log_{10}(Ka)$.

Stereoselective Reaction

A chemical reaction that favors the production of one isomer over another.

Isotonicity Determination

The isotonicity of solutions is commonly determined by freezing point depression or osmotic pressure.

Metronidazole Indications

The drug of choice for $Bacteroides\,fragilis$ and giardiasis infections.

LMWH Monitoring

Unlike unfractionated heparin, Low Molecular Weight Heparin ($LMWH$) does not require routine $aPTT$ monitoring.

Thyroxine Overdose Symptoms

Common signs include tachycardia, diarrhea, tremor, and weight loss.

DNA Bonding

Hydrogen bonds occur between the two strands, while phosphodiester bonds exist within the single strand.

Quinolone Mechanism of Action

Quinolones act by inhibiting $\text{DNA}$ gyrase and topoisomerase IV.

Macrolide Mechanism of Action

Macrolides act by inhibiting the $50S$ ribosomal subunit.

Tetracycline Properties

Tetracyclines are amphoteric molecules and act as chelating agents.

Atenolol Classification

A selective $\beta_1$ blocker.

Agonist Definition

A molecule that binds to a receptor and possesses both affinity and efficacy.

Diazepam and Aripiprazole Interaction

Co-administration increases the effect of diazepam.

Alcohol Withdrawal Vitamin

Thiamine ($\text{Vitamin\,B1}$) is the essential vitamin used during alcohol withdrawal.

SGLT2 Inhibitors

Also known as gliflozins (e.g., Empagliflozin, Dapagliflozin), these drugs inhibit the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2.

Diphtheria Causative Organism

$Corynebacterium\,diphtheriae$.

Griseofulvin Absorption Factor

Absorption is significantly improved by fatty food and an acidic medium.

Bioavailability Formula

$F = F_a \times (1 - E)$, where $F$ is bioavailability, $F_a$ is fraction absorbed, and $E$ is the hepatic extraction ratio.

MOPP Therapy Indication

Used for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma; includes Mustargen, Oncovin, Procarbazine, and Prednisone.

Allopurinol Active Metabolite

Oxypurinol.

Tardive Dyskinesia Cause

Resulting from long-term dopamine blockade.

Leflunomide Onset

Leflunomide generally takes $4-6\,weeks$ to show therapeutic effect.

Methotrexate Toxicity Prevention

Folinic acid (Leucovorin) is used to prevent or treat methotrexate toxicity.

Buprenorphine Combination Purpose

Naloxone is added to buprenorphine preparations to reduce the potential for abuse.

Epistaxis Definition

Medical term for a nose bleeding.

Cushing Syndrome Characteristics

Characterized by high cortisol levels, leading to symptoms like moon face, hyperglycemia, and weight gain.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) Symptoms

Key symptoms include fever and tachycardia.

Codeine Metabolism

Codeine is converted into its active metabolite, morphine, via the $CYP2D6$ enzyme.

Triple Whammy Effect

An adverse interaction occurring when an $ACEI$, a diuretic, and an $NSAID$ are used together, potentially causing renal failure.

Milliequivalent (mEq) Formula

$mEq = \frac{mg \times \text{valence}}{MW}$.