APUSH Reform Movements

Deism

rejected original sin of man, believed in a supreme being that Supreme Being who had created a knowable universe and endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior. Deny Christ's divinity.

Unitarians

Unitarians believed that God existed in only one person and not in the orthodox trinity. They also denied the divinity of Jesus, stressed the essential goodness of human nature, proclaimed their belief in free will and the possibility of salvation through good works, and pictured God as a loving father rather than a stern creator.

Second Great Awakening

Spread to the masses on the frontier by "camp meetings", brought lots of new sects, led to prison reform, the temperance cause, the women's movement, and the crusade to abolish slavery.

Burned-over district

This is a term that refers to western New York. The term came at a time when revivals were rampant. Puritan sermonizers were preaching "hell-fire and damnation." Mormons. A religion, newly established by Joseph Smith, who claimed to have had a revelation from angel. The Mormons faced much persecution from the people and were eventually forced to move west. (Salt Lake City) After the difficult journey they greatly improved their land through wise forms of irrigation.

Mormons

Joseph Smith found gold tablets with book of Mormon; polygamy, Utah, Brigham Young took over when Smith was killed; not accepted

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

Seneca Falls Convention

July, 1848 - Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

New Harmony

a utopian settlement in Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827. It had 1,000 settlers, but a lack of authority caused it to break up.

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

Oneida

A redefinition of gender roles was central to the most enduring Utopian colonies of the 19th century, the Oneida Community founded in 1848 in upstate New York. Oneida Community was founded by John Humphrey Noyes. Residents of the community called themselves "perfectionists" and rejected traditional notions of family and marriage.

Shakers

The Shakers also made a redefinition of gender roles in their society. They were founded by "Mother" Ann Lee in the 1770's and lasted until the 20th century.Established more than 20 communities throughout the northeast and the northwest in the 1840s. Got their name fro a religious ritual when someone shakes themselves free of sin.

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

Minstrel Shows

The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, performed by white people in blackface or, especially after the Civil War, black people in blackface. Minstrel shows lampooned black people as dim-witted, lazy, buffoonish, superstitious, happy-go-lucky, and musical.

Transcendentalism

movement of the 1830's consisted of mainly modernizing the old puritan beliefs. This system of beliefs owed a lot to foreign influences, and usually resembled the philosophies of John Locke. Transcendentalists believe that truth transcends the body through the senses, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were two of the more famous

Joseph Smith

reported to being visited by an angel and given golden plates in 1840; the plates, when deciphered, brought about the Church of Latter Day Saints and the Book of Mormon; he ran into opposition from Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri when he attempted to spread the Mormon beliefs; he was killed by those who opposed him.

Brigham Young

A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under Young's management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of Young, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons.

Horace Mann

He was an idealistic graduate of Brown University, secretary of the Massachusetts board of education. He was involved in the reformation of public education (1825-1850). He campaigned for better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. He caused a reformation of the public schools, many of the teachers were untrained for that position. Led to educational advances in text books by Noah Webster and Ohioan William H. McGuffey.

Dorothea Dix

A New England teacher and author who spoke against the inhumane treatment of insane prisoners, ca. 1830's. People who suffered from insanity were treated worse than normal criminals. Dorothea Dix traveled over 60,000 miles in 8 years gathering information for her reports, reports that brought about changes in treatment, and also the concept that insanity was a disease of the mind, not a willfully perverse act by an individual.

Neal S. Dow

the mayor of Portland, Maine who, in 1851, sponsored a law that helped earn his nickname "Father of Prohibition."

Lucretia Mott

the sprightly Quaker leader of the women's rights movement whose ire had been aroused when she and her fellow female delegates to the London Anti-Slavery Convention of 1840 were not recognized.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. She later helped edit the militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868 - 1870.

Susan B. Anthony

was a lecturer for women's rights. She was a Quaker. a strong woman who believed that men and women were equal. She fought for her rights even though people objected. Her followers were called Suzy B's.

John J. Audubon

Audubon lived from 1785 to 1851. He was of French descent, and an artist who specialized in painting wild fowl. He had such works as Birds of America and Passenger Pigeons. Ironically, he shot a lot of birds for sport when he was young. He is remembered as America's greatest ornithologist.

James Fenimore Cooper

Writer who lived in New York in 1789-1851. Historical Significance: first novelist to gain world fame and make New World themes respectable.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Unitarian minister, lecturer, "The American Scholar", practical philosopher, abolitionist

Henry David Thoreau

the poet, mystic, transcendentalist, non-conformist who wrote Walden.

Walt Whitman

known as the "Poet Laureate of Democracy," he wrote of his love for the masses. This 19th century author caught the exuberant spirit of an expanding America in his most famous piece, Leaves of Grass.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

one of America's most famous poets was this 19th century Harvard professor who wrote "Evangeline," "Hiawatha," and "The Courtship of Miles Standish."

Louisa May Alcott

Novelist whose tales of family life helped economically support her own struggling transcedentalist family

Emily Dickinson

Poet who explored universal themes of nature, love, death, and immortality.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

the Salem, Massachusetts reared writer of the early 1800s whose Calvinist-centered writings culminated in 1850 with the masterpiece The Scarlet Letter.

Herman Melville

this orphaned and ill-educated New Yorker went to sea as a youth. He wrote charming tales of the South Seas, but his masterpiece was published in 1851. He was the author of the epic novel Moby Dick.