Macromolecules Summary

Biochem macromolecule details

What elements are present in protein?

What elements are present in protein?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur

CHONS

What is the monomer of protein?

Amino acids

What are examples of proteins?

• Structural fibrous

• Functional gobular

• Enzymes, antibodies

Where can you find proteins?

• Keratin

• Cytoskeleton

• Collagens

• Elastins

• Parts of ribosomes

• Enzymes

• Hormones

• Antibodies

• Receptors

• Chlorophyll

What are the function(s) of proteins?

• Shape, movement

• Messenger

• Catalysts

• Recognition

• Communication

• Carry nutrients

What are the elements present in lipids?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

CHO

What are the monomer(s) of lipids?

Glycerol + fatty acids

Looks like a flag

What are examples of lipids?

• Fats

• Oils

• Waxes

Where can you find lipids?

• Cell & organelle membranes

• Oils & ft drops in cytoplasm (of some cells)

What are the function(s) of lipids?

• Stores energy (long term)

  • Oils and fats

• Part of cell membrane

• Cushion & insulate organs

What elements are present in carbohydrates?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

• C₆H₁₂O₆

• Ratio - 1:2:1

  • C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

    • Two sugars: ratio disrupted due to H₂O being formed (dehydration synthesis)

What are examples of carbohydrates?

• Monosaccharides

  • glucose, fructose, galactose

• Disaccharides

  • Sucrose, maltose, lactose

• Polysaccharides:

  • Starch

  • Cellulose

  • Glycogen

Where can you find carbohydrates?

• Monosaccharides:

  • Cytoplasm; mitochondria; chloroplasts

• Disaccharides:

  • Cytoplasm

• Polysaccharides:

  • Starch:

    • Plants: chloroplasts, cytoplasm

  • Cellulose:

    • Fibers in cell wall of plants

  • Glycogen:

    • Cytoplasm of animal cells

What are the function(s) of carbohydrates?

• Monosaccharides:

  • Provides energy for respiration and photosynthesis

• Disaccharides:

  • Energy reserve

• Polysaccharides:

  • Starch

    • Plant energy reserve: store excess glucose

  • Cellulose

    • Plant cell support: cell wall

  • Glycogen

    • Animal energy reserve: stores glucose

What elements are present in nucleic acids?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

CHONP

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotide - phosphate, base, sugar

What are examples of nucleic acids?

DNA

• 2 polynucleotide strands in double helix

• Deoxyribase sugar

• Bases ATCG

  • A = T, C = G

RNA

• 1 polynucleotide strand

• Ribose sygar

• Bases AUCG

Where can you find nucleic acids?

DNA:

• Nuceus of eukaryotic cells

• Circular chromosomes in prokaryotic cells

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts

RNA

• mRNA in nucleus, cytoplasm

• tRNA in cytoplasm

• rRNA forms ribosomes

What are the function(s) of nucleic acids?

DNA

• Hereditary

  • Carries genetic info

• Protein synthesis instructions, carries genetic code to direct snthesis of specific activities and control activities

RNA

• mRNA:

  • Transcription of DNA base triplets

• tRNA:

  • Transfer of mino acids for protein synthesis

• rRNA:

  • Stire of protein synthesis; translation