Macromolecules Summary

Biochem macromolecule details

What elements are present in protein?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur

CHONS

What is the monomer of protein?

Amino acids

What are examples of proteins?

• Structural fibrous

• Functional gobular

• Enzymes, antibodies

Where can you find proteins?

• Keratin

• Cytoskeleton

• Collagens

• Elastins

• Parts of ribosomes

• Enzymes

• Hormones

• Antibodies

• Receptors

• Chlorophyll

What are the function(s) of proteins?

• Shape, movement

• Messenger

• Catalysts

• Recognition

• Communication

• Carry nutrients

What are the elements present in lipids?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

CHO

What are the monomer(s) of lipids?

Glycerol + fatty acids

Looks like a flag

What are examples of lipids?

• Fats

• Oils

• Waxes

Where can you find lipids?

• Cell & organelle membranes

• Oils & ft drops in cytoplasm (of some cells)

What are the function(s) of lipids?

• Stores energy (long term)

  • Oils and fats

• Part of cell membrane

• Cushion & insulate organs

What elements are present in carbohydrates?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

• C₆H₁₂O₆

• Ratio - 1:2:1

  • C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

    • Two sugars: ratio disrupted due to H₂O being formed (dehydration synthesis)

What are examples of carbohydrates?

• Monosaccharides

  • glucose, fructose, galactose

• Disaccharides

  • Sucrose, maltose, lactose

• Polysaccharides:

  • Starch

  • Cellulose

  • Glycogen

Where can you find carbohydrates?

• Monosaccharides:

  • Cytoplasm; mitochondria; chloroplasts

• Disaccharides:

  • Cytoplasm

• Polysaccharides:

  • Starch:

    • Plants: chloroplasts, cytoplasm

  • Cellulose:

    • Fibers in cell wall of plants

  • Glycogen:

    • Cytoplasm of animal cells

What are the function(s) of carbohydrates?

• Monosaccharides:

  • Provides energy for respiration and photosynthesis

• Disaccharides:

  • Energy reserve

• Polysaccharides:

  • Starch

    • Plant energy reserve: store excess glucose

  • Cellulose

    • Plant cell support: cell wall

  • Glycogen

    • Animal energy reserve: stores glucose

What elements are present in nucleic acids?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

CHONP

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotide - phosphate, base, sugar

What are examples of nucleic acids?

DNA

• 2 polynucleotide strands in double helix

• Deoxyribase sugar

• Bases ATCG

  • A = T, C = G

RNA

• 1 polynucleotide strand

• Ribose sygar

• Bases AUCG

Where can you find nucleic acids?

DNA:

• Nuceus of eukaryotic cells

• Circular chromosomes in prokaryotic cells

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts

RNA

• mRNA in nucleus, cytoplasm

• tRNA in cytoplasm

• rRNA forms ribosomes

What are the function(s) of nucleic acids?

DNA

• Hereditary

  • Carries genetic info

• Protein synthesis instructions, carries genetic code to direct snthesis of specific activities and control activities

RNA

• mRNA:

  • Transcription of DNA base triplets

• tRNA:

  • Transfer of mino acids for protein synthesis

• rRNA:

  • Stire of protein synthesis; translation