Midterm 1- Reproductive Physiology

What germ layer gives rise to the reproductive system?

Embryonic Mesoderm

What genital ducts are present with male expression?

Mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts)

What genital ducts are present with female expression?

Paramesonephric ducts (mullerian ducts)

The Labia Majora in the female is homologoue to what structure in the male?

Scrotum

The spermatic cord is the homologue to what structure in the female?

Round Ligament

What are the 3 bodies of erectile tissue in the penis?

1 corpus spongiosum and 2 corpa cavernosa

Which erectile tissue is not covered by the tunica albuginea?

Corpus spongiosum

What structure covers the head of the glands to a variable extent in uncircumcised males?

Prepuce

What teste sits lower in the body?

Left

What is the primary hormone that the testes produce?

Primarily testosterone

What skeletal muscle raises and lowers testicles in response to temperature change and stimulation?

Cremaster mm.

What smooth muscle contracts and relaxes in response to temperature change and stimulation?

Dartos mm.

What structure in the male reproductive system has fructose rich fluid that nourishes sperm and activates them?

Seminal Vesicles

What structure to the ejaculatory ducts terminate at?

Prostatic Urethra

What glands in the male are responsible for mucus secretion during arousal?

Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's glands)

What is the homologue of Bulbourethral glands in females?

Bartholin's glands

The Erection portion of male stimulation is controlled by what Autonomic system?

Parasympathetic

The ejaculation portion of male stimulation is controlled by what autonomic system?

Sympathetic

What nerve innervates the anterior portion of the scrotum?

Ilioinguinal nerve and genitofemoral (genital branch)

What nerve innervates the posterior portion of the scrotum?

Superficial perineal and posterior femoral cutaneous (perineal branch)

What is the active form of testosterone in the target tissues?

Dihydrotestosterone

What cells make testosterone?

Cells of Leydig

What hormone from the anterior pituitary is the primary stimulus for the secretion of testosterone by the testes?

LH- Luteinizing hormone

What hormone form the anterior pituitary mainly stimulates spermatogenesis?

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

What do you call the decrease in male sexual function?

Climacteric

What do you call a mature sperm cell?

Spermatozoa

What are the reps of Spermatogenesis?

1. Spermatogonia- migrates among serotonin cells towards lumen of seminiferous tubules

2. Become primary spermatocytes

3. Become secondary spermatocytes

4. Becomes spermatid and becomes modified into spermatozoa

Where is most of the sperm stored?

epididymis

What enzyme depolymerizes the hyaluronic acid polymers between the granulosa cells? (Breaks ovum)

Hyaluronidase

What enzyme digest the structural proteins of the ovum to break into it?

Proteolytic enzyme

Most of the fluid in semen comes from?

seminal vesicles

The average PH of semen is?

7.5 ph

What its the Max lifespan of sperm at body temp outside the body?

24-48 hours

What is the max lifespan of sperm in the female tract?

1-2 days (can reach up to 5days)

What condition is a sleep related erection that happens 3-5 times per 8 hours of sleep and its likely a physiological issue?

Nocturnal Penile Tumescence (NPT)

What condition is an erection lasting for hours and can potentially cause necrosis of the tissue if left untreated?

Priapism

What condition is the result of blood not being able to leave the penis and presents with a rigid penile shaft but the tip of the glans is soft, usually an erection that last after sex?

Ischemic priapism (low-flow priapism)

What condition is also known as high-flow priapism and occurs when penile blood flow isn't regulated appropriately (usually painless)?

Nonischemic priapism

What condition is related to high amounts of serotonin in the brain that increases the time to ejaculation?

Premature Ejaculation

In what condition does Ejaculate empty into bladder, and the internal and external sphincters reverse action?

Retrograde Ejaculation

What condition occasionally happens with prepubescent boys and is described as a non-productive orgasm?

Dry Orgasm

In what condition does a man have trouble getting or keeping an erection(Impotence)?

Erectile Dysfunction

What disease/ conditions can lead to erectile dysfunction?

- Type 2 Diabetes (2-3x more likely to develop it)

- Heart and blood vessel disease

- Atherosclerosis

- High BP

What is the common medication prescribed for Erectile dysfunction?

Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor

What contraindication talked about is associated with PDE5 inhibitor for erectile dysfunction?

Not to be taken within 24-48 hours of taking alpha-blocker medication= life threatening low BP

What condition is describes as development of fibrous scar tissue inside the penis that cases curved painful erections? Hint: often associated with Dupytren's contracture

Peyronies Disorder

What condition is cause by foreskin being too tight?

Phimosis

What differentiates the 2 types of phimosis?

Physiological= at birth, Pathological= due to scarring, infection, or inflammation

What conditions are due to the penile opening developing in the improper place?

Hypo- and Epi- Spadias

What conditions increase the risk of cystitis(bladder infection)?

- Enlarged prostate

- Kidney stones

- ABnormal narrowing of urethra

- UTI from instrumentation

What condition is due to accumulation of fluid in the tunica vaginalis?

Hydrocele

A collection of blood in the tunica vaginalis is called?

Hermatocele

What can determine if there is a hydrocele vs hermatocele?

Translumination

What condition is due to the enlargement of the veins within the scrotum?

varicocele

Varicocle's have the potential to cause?

Necrosis of the tissue or low sperm production

What is the description/ appearance they use when talking about a varicocele?

Bag of Worms

A fluid filled mass in the epididymis is called?

Spermatocele

What is the most common areas to find an ectopic testicle?

External Oblique,

Pubopenile, femoral triangle, perianal

Rotation or twisting of the spermatic cord is a condition called?

Testicular torsion (common from 12-18yrs old)

What condition its the failure of one or two testes to descend?

Cryptorchidism (3-5% of males)

What condition is inflammation of one or both testicles usually from a bacterial infection?

Orchitis

What condition happens when the body doesn't produce enough testosterone or has an impaired ability to produce sperm or both?

Hypogonadism

What is the difference between primary and secondary Hypogonadism

primary= testicular failure , secondary= problem with hypothalamus or pituitary (80%)

More than 90% of cancer of the testicles start in the cells known as?

Germ Cells

What do you call cancer of the scrotum?

Sarcoma

In the two subtypes of seminomas which one is more common?

Classical seminoma

What is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system?

Prostate gland

What lobe of the prostate has the highest occurrence of prostate cancer?

Posterior lobe

What condition describes an enlarged prostate gland that is not cancerous?

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis) has the description of?

Boggy, soft, enlarged and tender and (urinary problems)

What type of prostatitis is the most common and least understood?

Chronic (aka: Chronic pelvic pain syndrome)

What type of prostatitis comes on suddenly and severe?

Acute bacterial

When prostate cancer metastasizes is causes what X-ray appearance on the spine?

Ivory white vertebrae

What test can be used if you suspect prostate cancer that can test the blood for high levels of prostate specific antigen?

PSA blood test