Module 1 & 2 Chemistry Exam Studyguide

Density

measurement of how much stuff (mass) is packed into a certain amount of space (volume)

Accuracy

how close a measured value is to an accepted value

Precision

how close a series of measurements are to one another

experimental value - accepted value = ?

error

Significant Figures

digits in a measurement that show the precision of that value

Solvent

The substance that does the dissolving

Solute

The substance that gets dissolved

Solutions

homogeneous mixture where the solute dissolves completely the solvent

Elements

Pure substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances; made from one type of atom

Compounds

Two or more different elements that are combined chemically in a fixed ratio; made from two or more atoms

Mixtures: Homogeneous

Constant composition throughout; always has a SINGLE phase

Mixtures: Heterogeneous

Does not have a uniform composition; individual substances remain distinct

Distillation

Mixture heated until turned to vapor or condensed into liquid

Sublimation

Solid changes to vapor without melting/going into solid phase

Chromatography

Separates mixtures dissolved in a gas or liquid based on the ability of each component to travel up or down across a surface

Crystallization

Solution contains as much dissolved substances as it can possibly hold, the addition of even a tiny amount more causes dissolved substances to come out and collect as crystals

Density formula

Mass/Volume

Mass formula

Density x volume

Volume formula

Mass/Density

Solid

definite shape and volume

Liquid

has a definite volume but no definite shape

Gas

has no fixed shape or volume

Physical properties

observed or measured without changing composition

Extensive properties

dependent on the amount of substance present; Ex: mass, length, and volume

Intensive properties

independent of the amount of substance present; Ex: density

Chemical properties

observed or measured as sample changes chemical identity

Examples of extensive properties

mass and volume

Examples of intensive properties

density and temperature

Make connections between two branches of chemistry

Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry

Both study properties and structure of chemical compounds

Environmental Chemistry and Agricultural Chemistry

Both apply chemical principles to understand the environment and resources

Biochemistry chem

Processes of living organisms

Inorganic chem

focuses on substances containing elements other than carbon

Organic chem

Study of carbon-containing substances

Analytical chem

composition of substances

Thermochemistry

heat-involved in chemical processes

The total mass of reactants always equals the what___?,

the total mass of products

Products

Substances formed from chemical reactions

Reactants

substance that gets consumed and transformed during a chemical reaction

Reactants form products so ...

The mass of reactants equals the mass of the products