AP Psych: Unit 5 States of Consciousness and Drugs; LearningCurve Situations and AP Test Review Questions

E

Sudden sleep attacks at inopportune times are symptomatic of which sleep disorder?
A) Sleep apnea
B) Insomnia
C) Night terrors
D)Sleepwalking
E) Narcolepsy

E

Deep sleep occurs in which stage?
A) Hypnagogic
B) REM
C) Alpha
D) NREM-1
E) Delta

C

Recurring problems in falling asleep or staying asleep are characteristic of which sleep disorder?
A) Sleep apnea
B) Narcolepsy
C) Insomnia
D) Sleep talking
E) Sleepwalking

B

What is the pineal gland's role in sleep?
A) Activating the suprachiasmatic nucleus
B) The production of melatonin
C) The location of hypnagogic images
D) Remembering dreams upon waking
E) Emitting alpha waves

D

What are bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep?
A) Hallucinations
B) Circadian rhythms
C) Alpha waves
D) Sleep spindles
E) Delta waves

E

Increasing amounts of paradoxical sleep following a period of sleep deprivation is known as what?
A) Circadian sleep
B) Sleep shifting
C) Narcolepsy
D) Sleep apnea
E) REM rebound

B

Which of these drugs, which acts as both a stimulant and a hallucinogen, can also cause dangerous dehydration?
A) LSD
B) Ecstasy
C) Alcohol
D) Cocaine
E) Caffeine

A

Recent research most consistently supports the effectiveness of hypnosis in which of the following areas?
A) Pain relief
B) Recovery of lost memories
C) Reduction of sleep deprivation
D) Forcing people to act against their will
E) Cessation of smoking

A

What are the 3 major categories of drugs?
A) Hallucinogens, depressants, and stimulants
B) Stimulants, barbiturates, and hallucinogens
C) Amphetamines, barbiturates, and opiates
D) MDMA, LSD, and THC
E) Alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine

C

Jarod's muscles are relaxed, his body is basically paralyzed, and he is hard to awaken. Which sleep state is Jarod probably experiencing?
A) Sleep apnea
B) Hypnagogic
C) Paradoxical
D) Delta
E) Sleep deprivation

B

The effects of opiates are similar to the effects of which neurotransmitter?
A) Barbiturates
B) Endorphins
C) Tranquilizers
D) Nembutal
E) Acetylcholine

D

Slowed reactions, slurred speech, and decreased skill performance are associated with abuse of which drug?
A) Nicotine
B) Methamphetamine
C) Caffeine
D) Alcohol
E) Ecstasy

E

What term did Ernest Hilgard use to describe a split between different levels of consciousness?
A) Hypnagogic imagery
B) REM sleep
C) Delta waves
D) Spindles
E) Dissociation

D

Psychologists who study the brain's activity during sleep are most likely to use which of these technologies?
A) MRI
B) CT scan
C) PET scan
D) EEG
E) EKG

B

What term describes the brain's adaptation to a drug's chemistry, requiring larger and larger doses to experience the same effect?
A) Withdrawal
B) Tolerance
C) Addiction
D) Substance use disorder
E)DisinhibitingMultiple-Choice Questions

immune

Chronic sleep deprivation is most likely to contribute to the suppression of the _____ system.

B

Staying up especially late on weekends is most likely to have an influence on:
A) dissociation.
B) the circadian rhythm.
C) sleep apnea.
D) narcolepsy.

A

Chuck has always been a chronic snorer, much to the dismay of his wife Elaine. For the last three months, he has been waking up in the middle of the night gasping for air. He most likely suffers from:
A) sleep apnea.
B) narcolepsy.
C) night terrors.
D) insomnia.

larger

Augustus has chronic back pain and has started taking powerful pain medication to alleviate the pain. His doctor told him to take one pill every four hours, which seemed to manage the pain at first. Now, due to his growing tolerance of the drug, Augustus finds that he needs to take a(n) _____ dose of medication to relieve the pain.

latent

Max goes to his psychotherapist and describes his recent dreams where he flies like an eagle through the sky. His therapist listens and then offers the interpretation that this dream signifies Max's unconscious desires to be free of his family obligations. Max's therapist is displaying an interest in the _____ content of Max's dreams.

C

Ricardo has compound fractures of his arm and leg, and a broken jaw due to an automobile accident. Since the accident he has been taking morphine, a powerful pain killer. What type of drug is Ricardo taking?
A) hallucinogen
B) barbiturate
C) opiate
D) stimulant

15

Your friend was in a car accident in which his heart stopped briefly and he had to be resuscitated. He informs you that he had a near-death experience. You are likely to believe him because up to _____ percent of people recall near-death experiences.

B

Every night, after a late dinner, Sasha has a strong cup of coffee before working out at the gym. On her way home, she likes to stop for a double-chocolate frozen yogurt. Finally, she watches the late news and drinks two glasses of red wine, because she has heard that red wine is good for you. Based on this routine, sleep experts might predict that Sasha would be likely to:
A) have no trouble going to sleep.
B) complain of insomnia.
C) never dream.
D) snore.

REM

If one gently wakes someone who is in _____ sleep, there is about an 80% percent chance the person will report being in the middle of an interesting dream.

decreased

You invite a group of people to your house for a wine-tasting event, but you have not figured out how people will get home afterward. According to research, you should be concerned about this because as blood-alcohol level rises, people have _____ concerns about drinking and driving.

A

College students who get insufficient sleep are not likely to have which of the following effects?
A) excess energy
B) irritable mood
C) difficulty retaining information
D) relationship conflict

D

Jasper stays up very late most Saturday nights. He finds Monday mornings very difficult because he often sleeps until noon on Sunday and has trouble going to sleep at a reasonable time on Sunday night. What advice would one give him to help him with his Monday morning problem?
A) Jasper should sit in front of a bright light before bedtime.
B) Jasper should sleep later on Sunday mornings.
C) Jasper should stay up later on Sunday nights.
D) Jasper should try to maintain the same bedtime throughout the week.

C

When Marcia goes into the bedroom to check on the child she is babysitting, she observes that his eyes are rapidly moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids. The child is also lying very still. It is likely that he is:
A) experiencing night terrors.
B) in a hypnagogic state.
C) dreaming.
D) in the deepest level of sleep.

C

Sarah's mother suffers from frequent panic attacks. The doctor has prescribed Seconal (a depressant drug that reduces anxiety and induces relaxation). Seconal is classified as a(n):
A) hallucinogen.
B) stimulant.
C) tranquilizer.
D) opiate.

B

Cocaine is powerful stimulant that can produce increased levels of aggressive behavior. A research team hypothesizes that participants who are given cocaine will show higher levels of aggression than participants who are not given cocaine. In the experiment, which of the following findings would support their hypothesis?
A) Men who were NOT given cocaine were MORE likely to punish a pseudo-participant.
B) Men who were given cocaine were MORE likely to punish a pseudo-participant.
C) Men who were given cocaine were LESS likely to punish a pseudo-participant.
D) Men who were given cocaine were MORE likely to drop out of the study.

2

Gabe's roommate fell asleep about 25 minutes ago. Now, he needs to awaken him so that they both can get to a party on time. He is sleep talking about his girlfriend's cat. When Gabe begins laughing, his roommate wakes up. He was in NREM-_____ sleep.

A

Arnold goes to his psychotherapist and describes his recent dreams in which he flies like an eagle through the sky. His therapist listens and then offers the interpretation that this dream signifies Arnold's unconscious desires to be free of his family obligations. Arnold's therapist is displaying an interest in:
A) the latent content of Arnold's dream.
B) Arnold's conscious thoughts and desires.
C) the manifest content of Arnold's dream.
D) Arnold's neurological dream activity.

withdrawal

Laura must always have an early morning cup of coffee. She usually has several more cups throughout the day. If she misses her daily cups of coffee, she gets a headache. The fact that Laura experiences headaches when she discontinues the use of caffeine is an example of _____ symptoms.

A

One of Gabe's friends claims to have a shopping addiction and another reports being addicted to Internet games. What is one potential danger of considering these types of excessive behaviors to be addictions?
A) To define these types of behaviors as illness might allow individuals to NOT take responsibility for their behaviors.
B) It forces people to seek expensive treatment from psychiatrists.
C) The DSM-5 does not label either of these as a diagnosable disorder, although internet gaming disorder is an identified as a condition for further study.
D) It mandates insurance companies to pay for treatment.

A

Roger went to see his doctor with complaints of erectile disorder (ED). His doctor has him participate in a sleep disorder study to determine the cause of his ED. The cause of his ED was determined to be psychological. Why?
A) Roger had a morning erection.
B) Roger has insomnia.
C) Roger slept through the night.
D) Roger has hypersomnia.

information processing

Dr. Williams is researching the function of dreams in memory retention. She believes that dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories. Dr. Williams is probably a proponent of the _____ theory of dreams.

D

What behavior can trigger depression?
A) using energy drinks
B) studying a lot
C) working a lot
D) getting insufficient sleep

Circadian

Staying up especially late on weekends is most likely to have an influence on the _____ rhythm.

A

If one studies through the night and don't sleep to prepare for an exam, how is this likely to affect one's ability to remember material the next day during the exam?
A) One will remember less than if you slept.
B) One will remember everything.
C) It will have no effect.
D) One will forget everything.

rebound

To ensure he gets the most he can out of his cruise vacation, night after night Felix stays up late. He tries to sleep during the day, but his cabin is too noisy and he suffers from REM sleep deprivation. Felix can expect to experience REM _____ during his first several nights back home.

D

Your friend was in a car accident in which his heart stopped briefly and he had to be resuscitated. He informs you that he had a near-death experience. How likely are you to believe him?
A) Not at all likely because near-death experiences do not actually happen.
B) Very likely because up to 85% of people recall near-death experiences.
C) Not at all likely because he is only reporting what he has seen in movies or television shows instead of actually experiencing something real.
D) Likely because approximately to 15% of people who experience cardiac arrest recall near-death experiences.

D

You invite a group of people to your house for a wine-tasting event, but you have not figured out how people will get home afterward. According to research, you should be concerned about this because:
A) alcohol focuses people's attention on future consequences.
B) wine has greater alcohol content than does beer or liquor.
C) social facilitation theory predicts that people who have been drinking together will likely continue drinking after the event.
D) as blood-alcohol level rises, people have decreased concerns about drinking and driving.

B

Given that humans sleep approximately 8 hours each day, compared to other animals, we _____.
A) need a great deal of time to hide and a great deal of time to obtain food
B) need a moderate amount of time to hide and a moderate amount of time to obtain food
C) need little time to hide and little time to obtain food
D) need a moderate amount of time to hide and little time to obtain food

less

In a double-blind procedure, one group of men is given a beverage containing alcohol and a second group is given a similar-tasting beverage that contains no alcohol. In each group, half the men are told they are drinking an alcoholic beverage and half are told their beverage is non-alcoholic. All the men then view erotic movies. After watching the erotic material, research indicates that the men who thought they were drinking alcohol will feel _____ guilty than those who did NOT think they were drinking alcohol.

can

Gabe's friend realizes he has an addiction to alcohol and wonders if he can successfully quit on his own. From what we know about addiction, Gabe can tell him that he _____.

physically

Patricia is told by her physician that her body and brain chemistry have physically adapted to the drug and that she has become _____ dependent on the tranquilizers prescribed for her by another doctor.

A

To ensure he gets the most he can out of his cruise vacation, night after night Toby stays up late. He tries to sleep during the day, but his cabin is too noisy and he suffers from REM sleep deprivation. What can Toby expect to happen during his first several nights back home?
A) He will experience REM rebound.
B) He will dream less.
C) He will be more likely to experience night terrors.
D) He will spend more time in periods of deep sleep and less time in REM sleep.

sleep apnea

Pierre has always been a chronic snorer, much to the dismay of his wife Hazel. For the last three months, he has been waking up in the middle of the night gasping for air. He most likely suffers from _____.

responsibility

One of Gabe's friends claims to have a shopping addiction and another reports being addicted to Internet games. To define these types of behaviors as illness is potentially dangerous because it might allow individuals to NOT take _____ for their behaviors.

A

Your friend was in a car accident in which his heart stopped briefly and he had to be resuscitated. He tells you that he experienced an out-of-body sensation and had visions of bright lights and tunnels. His description is:
A) similar to other people who have reported near-death experiences.
B) inaccurate and based on what he has seen on TV.
C) only partially true. The vision of bright lights and tunnels is inaccurate.
D) based on his anxious recollection of the accident and not an actual experienced event

Consciousness

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment; What occurs mentally that influences your actions and emotions (can be conscious and unconscious motivators you aren't aware of)

sleep, wake, altered

3 Main States of Consciousness

Altered consciousness

A state in which processes, such as hypnosis and mediation, occur that change the manner in which your brain works

Spontaneously

A state of consciousness in which daydreaming, drowsiness, and dreaming occur

Physiologically

A state of consciousness in which hallucinations and food/oxygen starvation occur

Psychologically

A state of consciousness in which sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation occur

Meditation

A state in which the mind is connected to the body while actively doing nothing; helps with stress management, grief, etc.

anatomical, abstract

In meditation, the brain is an __________ structure and the mind is an __ portion inside the brain that defines personality and other traits.

Hypnosis

A social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur; the person is especially susceptible to suggestion

mind, reality

Hypnosis disconnects the conscious ________ from the conscious _________, while the body still functions normally.

Hypnotic induction

The process when a hypnotist creates a state of hypnosis by repeating stimuli or patterns

False

True or False: When you're hypnotized, you can be forced to do things against your will.

REM, relaxes, suggestibility

If hypnosis is real, it jumpstarts your ________ process, _________ you, and gives you a heightened sense of __________.

True

True or False: Hypnosis can't convince people to do something unless they want to do it.

Postural sway

The body motion/sway of a person who's being hypnotized while standing

Susceptibility

To lack resistance or be easily influenced various factors at play

False

True or False: Hypnosis can enhance and/or recall forgotten events.

memory

Through hypnosis and suggestion, a fake _______ can be implanted.

therapeutic, trauma

Hypnosis can be _______ to help with emotional ________ by making you more open to talking about that subject.

Hypnotherapists

Specialists who try to help patients harness their own healing powers

Posthypnotic suggestion

A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out AFTER the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

False

True or False: Hypnosis will work on a person, even if they don't believe in it at all.

pain

Hypnosis can alleviate ________.

Good hypnotic subjects

The idea that hypnotic subjects are just role-playing; they listen to the hypnotizer, follow the instructions, and play/act out the actions as if the hypnosis is real

Social influence theory

The theory that people will be so caught up in playing a role of being hypnotized that they won't address any pain their bodies are experiencing

Gate-control theory

Connected to the social influence theory

body, perceiving

Concerning the social influence theory, the _______ is still feeling pain but you are not ________ it.

Divided Consciousness theory

Theory that during hypnosis our consciousness splits so that one aspect of consciousness is not aware of the role other parts are playing

Hilgard

Coined the divided Consciousness theory and dissociation

Dissociation

A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others; "may feel disconnected from yourself and the world around you"

Split personality disorder

A disorder resulting in over dissociation

Daydreaming

An example of dissociation

Biological influences

Level of Analysis for Hypnosis: distinctive brain activity, unconscious information processing

Psychological influences

Level of Analysis for Hypnosis: focused attention, expectations, heightened suggestibility, dissociation between normal sensations and conscious awareness

Social-cultural influences

Level of Analysis for Hypnosis: presence of an authoritative person in legitimate context, role-playing "good subject"

Sleep

periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

Circadian rhythm

The internal, biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle; dictates when we awake and fall asleep

hot

If the temperature is ________, you will be more active and want to sleep less

cold

If the temperature is ________, you will be less active and want more sleep

False

True or False: A study of people living in dark caves with lights showed that the Circadian Rhythm becomes nonexistent.

Daylight savings time

Controversy associated with the Circadian Rhythm

age

Factor associated with the Circadian Rhythm

less

The older you get, the ________ (more/less) sleep you need.

Babies

Require an immense amount of sleep due to their need to develop and grow

teenagers

Children and ________ require more sleep than adults.

90

The sleep cycle repeats itself about every ______ minutes.

5

There's about ____ sleep cycles per night.

True

True or False: The brain is very active during sleep.

REM sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active; brain is incredibly active

Paradoxical sleep

REM sleep is also known as