Lecture 10

Muscles =

Engine

Movement is the solution for someone with limited what

Functions

There are __ bones; up to __ BW

206; 14%

Structure functions of bones are: rigid ____, ___ for locomotor function of muscles, and to ___ the brain, SC, heart, and lungs

Framework, levers, protect

Organ functions of bones are: ___ function and storage of Ca, _, Mg, _

Hemopoietic, P, Na

What creates bone matrix

Osteoblasts

What transforms/maintains the bone matrix

Osteocytes

What helps to remodel the bone; reabsorb bone (homeostasis)

Osteoclasts

BMP-3 inhibits what

Bone formation (osteoporosis)

BMP-7 ____ bone formation

Enhances

What vitamin assists with differentiation

D

Glycoproteins provide?

Nurish

Minerals provide?

Strength to bone

4 types of bone

Long, Flat, Short, Irregular

What is proximal on the bone ends

Epiphysis

What is the bone shaft called

Diaphysis

Bone grows _____

Longitudinal

What is the process of bone tissue formation

Ossification

Endochondral Ossification replaced cartilage with ___

Osteoid

What is the primary cell

Osteoblasts (very active)

What is around every long bone

Periosteum

More freedom in shoulder = increased ___

Structure

Hip has more ___ but more stress in knee

Freedom

Fibrous joints include what 2

Syndesmosis and suture

Cartilaginous joints include what 2

Symphysis and synchondrosis

Synovial joints have 6 joints

Ball-and-socket, saddle, pivot, condyloid, gliding, hinge/ginglymus

Example for condyloid joint

Ulna/wrist

Example of gliding joint

Radius/wrist

Hinge example

Elbow

Ball-and-socket example

Shoulder

Saddle example

1st thumb

Pivot example

1-2 C vertebral

What has no nerves and vessels

Cartilage

What liquid nourishes cartilage

Synovial

The composition of articular cartilage is ____ water, ___ collagen, and ___ proteoglycans

70-80,10-15,10-15

Mechanical functions of articular cartilage are what 2 things

Shock absorber and decrease articular shear

Skeletal muscle has ___ of all protein stores for energy and metabolism

32%

Muscle cells are formed from MYOBLASTS which come from what?

Mesodermal precursor cells

Muscles have ___ water and are ___ of BW

75%, 40-55%

Functions of skeletal muscles are what 4 things

Locomotion, posture, venous return, and thermogenesis

Characteristics of skeletal muscles include what 4 things

Irritability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

Entire muscle is surrounded by ___

Epimysium

Fasciculi is surrounded by ___

Perimysium

Muscle fibers are surrounded by ___

Endomysium

T-tubules bring __ deep in muscle

AP

Thick filament is made of ____ while thin filament is made of ____

Myosin; action

Plasmalemma/sarcolemma fuse with ___, conduct __, and maintains pH/transport nutrients

Tendon, AP

Satellite cells (nonactive until damage) help with ____ growth/development and respond to ___

Muscle, injury

Glycogen storage and myoglobin are in ___

Sarcoplasam

Sarcomeres are basic ____ element of skeletal muscle and are ___ to __ for full myofibril length

Contractile, end, end

What bands are dark stripes (myosin-thick)

A-bands

What bands are light stripes (actin-thin)

I-bands

What is the middle of an A-band

H-zone

What is the middle of H-zone

M-line

Common boundary structure is ___ (actin)

Z-disk

___ is the largest and third most abundant muscle protein

Titin

Actin are ___ and myosin are ___

Thin, thick

Globular heads are ___ degrees

360

What covers active site at rest

Tropomyosin

What is anchored to actin and moves tropomyosin

Troponin

Type 1 fibers are __ and are __ of fibers

Slow, 50%

Type 2 fibers are __ with endurance

Fast

Type 1 motor unit are ___ neurons and type 2 motor unit are ___ neurons

Small, larger

a-motor neurons innervate what

Muscle fibers

Neuromuscular junction is the site of ______ between neuron and muscle

Communication

Short-term (anaerobic) sources:

ATP, phosphocreatine, glycogen/glucose

Long-term (aerobic) sources:

Glycogen/glucose, FFA, creatine

Recruitment order is:

Type 1, Type 2a, Type 2x

The main fibers of tendon (70%) and ligaments (50%) is

Collagen

What deformation is the capacity to come back to normal

Elastic

What deformation is the capacity to deform/put stress without breaking

Plastic