ALL ABOUT ELECTRIC POWER

POWER GENERATION, ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION, ELECTRIC POWER DISTIBUTION,

ALL ABOUT ELECTRIC POWER

Electricity generation is the process of

generating electric power from sources of

primary energy. For utilities in the electric

power industry, it is the stage prior to its

delivery to end users (transmission,

distribution, etc.) or its storage Production is

carried out in power stations (also called

“Electric power plants").

POWER GENERATION

A power plant is an industrial facility that

generates electricity from primary energy.

Most power plants use one or more generators

that convert mechanical energy into electrical

energy.

The type of primary fuel or primary energy

flow that provides a power plant its primary

energy varies. The most common fuels are

coal, natural gas, and bunker oil, uranium,etc.

POWER PLANTS

1. Hydroelectric Power Plants

2. Nuclear Power Plants

3. Coal-run Power Plants

4. Solar Power Plants

5. Wind Power Plants

6. Geothermal Power Plants

(6) TYPES OF POWER PLANTS

Hydroelectric power plants are one of the

most effective and eco-friendliest of all power

plants. In a hydroelectric power plant,

electricity is generated from water.

In detail, the potential energy of water is

converted to electrical energy. When water is

made to fall from a height on to a turbine, it

spins the armature which is connected to a

generator.

HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER

PLANT

PRO’S

• Hydroelectric energy is renewable

• Hydroelectric power is one of the

  “green” and “clean” alternative energy

  sources that are out there.

• The lake that forms behind the dam can

  be used for recreational opportunities

• Hydroelectric power is a

• cost-competitive source of energy

HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER

PLANT

CON’S

• Interruptions of natural water flow can

  have a great impact on the river

  ecosystem and the environment.

• Power plants can be incredibly

  expensive to build, no matter what type

  you maybe building.

• The risk of local droughts.

HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT IN

THE PHILIPPINES

• Angat Dam _ Bulacan, Philippines

• Magat Dam _Alfonso Lista, Ifugao /Ramon, Isabela

• Ambuklao Dam _Bokod, Benguet

Nuclear power stations also top the list of

power plants that can produce massive

amounts of energy. A nuclear power plant

works by converting nuclear energy into

electricity.

The heat from the nuclear reactor is used to

convert water into steam. The pressurized

steam is then used to turn turbines connected

to a generator.

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

PRO’S

• Hydroelectric energy is renewable

• Hydroelectric power is one of the

  “green” and “clean” alternative energy

  sources that are out there.

• The lake that forms behind the dam can

  be used for recreational opportunities

• Hydroelectric power is a

  cost-competitive source of energy

HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

CON’S

• Interruptions of natural water flow can

  have a great impact on the river

  ecosystem and the environment.

• Power plants can be incredibly

  expensive to build, no matter what type

  you maybe building.

• The risk of local droughts.

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN THE

PHILIPPINES

Bataan Nuclear Power Plant _Morong, Bataan

Coal Run Power Plant have a large carbon

footprint, yet coal-run power plants account

for nearly 40% of the world’s energy needs.

Coal run or coal-fired power plants burn coal

to convert water into steam. This steam is then

used to turn turbines which produces

electricity with the help of a generator.

COAL RUN POWER PLANT

COAL RUN POWER PLANT

PRO’S

• One of the greatest advantages of coal

  fired power plants boiler is reliability.

• Energy produced from coal fired plants

  is cheaper and more affordable than

  other energy sources.

• There are approximately over 300 years

  of economic coal deposits still

  accessible.

COAL RUN POWER PLANT

CON’S

• It cannot be denied that coal leaves

  behind harmful byproducts upon

  combustion.

• Mining of coal not only results in the

  destruction of habitat and scenery, but it

  also displaces humans as well.

• Millions of tons of waste products

  which can no longer be reused are

  generated from coal fired plants.

COAL RUN POWER PLANT IN THE PHILIPPINES

Mariveles Coal-Fired Power Plant _Mariveles, Bataan

Sual Port _Sual, Pangasinan

Solar power plants use the energy of the sun to

produce electricity. Solar panels capture the

sunlight using photovoltaic cells and convert it

into electricity.

Today, an increasing number of countries are

looking towards solar energy to offset their

dependence on fossil fuels.

SOLAR POWER PLANT

SOLAR POWER PLANT

PRO’S

• It can be harnessed in all areas of the

  world and is available every day. We

  cannot run out of solar energy, unlike

  some of the other sources of energy.

• Solar energy can be used for diverse

  purposes.

• Solar energy systems generally don’t

  require a lot of maintenance.

SOLAR POWER PLANT

CON’S

• The initial cost of purchasing a solar

  system is fairly high.

• Solar panels are dependent on sunlight

  to effectively gather solar energy.

• Solar energy has to be used right away,

  or it can be stored in large batteries.

• The more electricity you want to

  produce, the more solar panels you will

  need.

SOLAR POWER PLANT IN THE PHILIPPINES

San Carlos Solar Energy Inc. _San Carlos, Negros Occidental

Toledo project of Citicore Power Cebu

Coal Run Power Plant have a large carbon

footprint, yet coal-run power plants account

for nearly 40% of the world’s energy needs.

Coal run or coal-fired power plants burn coal

to convert water into steam. This steam is then

used to turn turbines which produces

electricity with the help of a generator.

GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

WIND POWER PLANT

PRO’S

• Unlike coal, natural gas, or oil,

  generating electricity from wind doesn’t

  result in greenhouse gas emissions.

• Operating costs are relatively low

• Wind farms can take up a lot of land

  space; however, the actual turbines and

  equipment don’t use up a lot of

  real-estate.

WIND POWER PLANT

CON’S

• A wind turbine’s effectiveness in

  generating electricity depends on the

  weather; thus, it can be difficult to

  predict.

• One of the biggest downsides of wind

  energy is the noise and visual pollution.

• Their blades can harm and kill species

  that fly into them, like birds and bats.

WIND POWER PLANT IN THE PHILIPPINES

Bangui Wind Farm _Bangui, Ilocos Norte

North Luzon Renewables _Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte

Geothermal powerplants are similar to the

steam turbine power stations that we discussed

earlier. However, instead of burning fossil

fuels, geothermal power plants use the heat

from the earth’s core to create steam.

GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

PRO’S

• Geothermal energy is more

  environmentally friendly than

  conventional fuel sources such as coal and

  other fossil fuels. In addition, the carbon

  footprint of a geothermal power plant is

  low.

• Geoothermal provides a reliable source of

  energy as compared to other renewable

  resources such as wind and solar power.

GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

CON’S

• Geothermal plants need to be built in

  places where the energy is accessible,

  which means that some areas are not

  able to exploit this resource.

• There are many of these gases stored

  under the Earth’s surface which are

  released into the atmosphere during

  digging.

Transmission and distribution refers to the different stages of carrying

electricity over poles and wires from generators to a home or a

business.

The primary distinction between the two is the voltage level at which

electricity moves in each stage.

After electricity has been generated, a system of electrical wires carries

the electricity from the source of generation to our homes and

businesses.

ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION

ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION

HOW DOES IT WORK?

Transmission is the “interstate highway” of electricity delivery. It

refers to the part of electricity delivery that moves bulk electricity from

the generation sites over long distances to substations closer to areas of

demand for electricity.

Consumers may recognize transmission lines as the larger, taller

poles/towers carrying many wires over longer distances.

Transmission lines move large amounts of power at a high voltage

level – a level that is too much to be delivered directly to a home or

business.

OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION

OVERVIEW

An overhead power line is an electric power transmission line

suspended by towers or poles.

Since most of the insulation is provided by air, overhead power lines

are generally the lowest-cost method of transmission for large

quantities of electric power.

Towers for support of the lines are made of wood (as-grown or

laminated), steel (either lattice structures or tubular poles), concrete,

aluminum, and occasionally reinforced plastics.

OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION

PRO’S

• High Power transmission.

• Low installation and material cost.

• Long-distance transmissions.

• The fault or damage in overhead lines

  can easily locate.

• Maintenance of the line is easier.

• Extension or joining on overhead lines

  can be performed easily and also it

  facilitates easy replacing.

OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION

CON’S

• As it is exposed to the surroundings the

  safety risk is high.

• A continuous pathway for the line

  creates obstructions.

• Vulnerable to lightning strikes

UNDERGROUND TRANSMISSION

OVERVIEW

Underground transmission lines are electrical or telecommunications

cables that are installed beneath the ground.

Large natural gas pipelines are also called transmission lines, but the

term underground transmission lines is normally used to distinguish

underground from overhead cabling.

Trenchless construction is often used to install transmission lines for all

kinds of utilities.

UNDERGROUND TRANSMISSION

PRO’S

• Reduces outages because buried lines

  are not susceptible to damage from high

  winds or falling trees

• Looks better aesthetically

• Generates a positive economic impact

  by reducing outage-caused downtime

  for local businesses

• Can be coordinated with road repair

  activity to reduce excavation costs

UNDERGROUND TRANSMISSION

CON’S

• Installing underground lines can cost

  7-10 times more than overhead lines

• Buried lines must be protected by

  conduit, otherwise they are susceptible

  to shortages from groundwater

  infiltration

• Buried lines can take longer to repair

  because the damaged area is usually

  more difficult to locate

TRANSFERING AC/DC ELECTRICAL POWER

OVERVIEW

Electrical distribution systems are an essential part of the electrical

power system. In order to transfer electrical power from an alternating

current (AC) or a direct current (DC) source to the place where it will

be used, some type of distribution network must be utilized.

The method used to distribute power from where it is produced to

where it is used can be quite simple. More complex power distribution

systems are used, to transfer electrical power from the power plant to

industries, homes, and commercial buildings.

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN GENERAL

OVERVIEW

Distribution systems usually employ such equipment as transformers,

circuit breakers, and protective devices.

The original electrical distribution system developed by Thomas

Edison was an underground direct current (DC) system.

It generally consists of feeders, distributors. The single line diagram of

a typical distribution system is shown in the next slide

CLASSIFICATION

ACCORDING TO THE NATURE OF CURRENT

Direct Current – the flow of electric charge is in only one direction

Alternating Current – the flow of electric charge periodicallt

changes direction

ACCORDING TO SCHEME OF CONNECTION

Radial System - separate feeders radiate from a single substation and

feed the distributors at one end only.

Ring Main System - the primaries of distribution transformers form

a loop.

Inter-connected system - when the feeder ring is energized by two or

more than two source

REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

OVERVIEW

A considerable amount of effort is necessary to maintain an electric

power supply within the requirements of various types of consumers.

Some of the requirements of a good distribution system are:

Proper Voltage - voltage variations at consumer’s terminals should be

as low as possible.

Availability of power on demand - Power must be available to the

consumers in any amount that they may require from time to time.

Reliability - Modern industry is almost dependent on electric power

for its operation.

END USE OF ENERGY

OVERVIEW

End use energy is the energy directly consumed by the user, as opposed

to primary energy which is the energy that is harvested directly from

natural resources.

End use energy includes electricity, gasoline, and natural gas. Primary

energy has energy that is usually in a form that is difficult for a

consumer to extract, so energy conversion technology is used to change

the form of the energy.

A country's complete profile of end use energy is often called total

final consumption.

(3) INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT LIGHT ENERGY

1. Electric eels can produce strong electric shocks of

   around 500 volts for both self-defense and hunting.

2. If a bird sits on just one power line it is safe. However,

   if the bird touches another line with a wing or a foot,

   it creates a circuit, causing the electricity to flow

   through the bird’s body. This results in electrocution.

3. Electricity causes muscle cells in the heart to contract.

   Electrocardiogram (ECG) machines, used by medical

   professionals, measure the electricity going through

   the heart.