Non Fermenter part 2

Burkholderia spp. Gram stain

Gram-negative rods

Oxygen requirement of Burkholderia spp.

Obligate aerobes

Major virulence factor of Burkholderia spp.

Polysaccharide capsule

Burkholderia mallei causes

Equine glanders

Primary host of Burkholderia mallei

Horses and other equids

Other susceptible hosts of Burkholderia mallei

Humans cats and dogs

Main route of transmission of Burkholderia mallei

Ingestion of contaminated food and water

Other routes of Burkholderia mallei transmission

Inhalation and breaks in the skin

Burkholderia mallei primarily causes

Chronic disease

Characteristic lesion of glanders

Caseous abscesses

Hypersensitivity develops to

Burkholderia mallei protein

Importance of glanders

Highly contagious often fatal zoonotic and reportable disease

Glanders is listed by

World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)

Why is Burkholderia mallei considered a potential bioterrorism agent?

High virulence and aerosol infectivity

Three clinical forms of glanders

Nasal pulmonary and cutaneous (farcy)

Nasal form of glanders is characterized by

Nodular lesions and ulcers of the nasal septum

Pulmonary form of glanders is characterized by

Pulmonary nodules and abscesses

Cutaneous form of glanders is called

Farcy

Farcy is characterized by

Lymphangitis with discharging abscesses along lymphatic vessels

Diagnostic test for glanders

Mallein test

Mallein test is based on

Delayed hypersensitivity reaction

Mallein test is performed by

Intrapalpebral injection of 0.1 mL Burkholderia mallei glycoprotein

Positive mallein test

Eyelid swelling with purulent ocular discharge

Mallein test is read

More than 24 hours after injection

Burkholderia pseudomallei causes

Melioidosis (Pseudoglanders)

Habitat of Burkholderia pseudomallei

Soil water and vegetation

Other hosts of Burkholderia pseudomallei

Humans and domestic animals

Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei

Inhalation ingestion or breaks in the skin

Septicemic melioidosis is characterized by

Abscesses in multiple organs

Chronic melioidosis resembles

Glanders

Why should veterinarians recognize Burkholderia spp.?

Several species are zoonotic and important biological threat agents

Laboratory handling of Burkholderia requires

Enhanced biosafety precautions

Genus Bordetella characteristics

Small Gram-negative rods

Natural habitat of Bordetella spp.

Upper respiratory tract

Bordetella species are primarily

Commensals of the upper respiratory tract

Some Bordetella species act as

Opportunistic respiratory pathogens

Major adhesins of Bordetella bronchiseptica

Pertactin filamentous hemagglutinin and fimbriae

Tracheal cytotoxin causes

Ciliostasis (loss of movement of cilia)

Adenylate cyclase-hemolysin inhibits

Chemotaxis phagocytosis and intracellular killing

Dermonecrotic toxin causes

Vasoconstriction

Osteotoxin destroys

Osteoblasts

Bordetella bronchiseptica causes

Canine infectious tracheobronchitis (Kennel cough)

Other important pathogens in kennel cough

Canine adenovirus-2 and canine parainfluenza virus-2

Kennel cough is

Highly contagious

Recovered dogs shed Bordetella bronchiseptica for

Several months

Characteristic cough of kennel cough

Dry nonproductive paroxysmal cough

Other clinical signs of kennel cough

Rhinitis (inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane lining the nose) , conjunctivitis and nasal discharge

Vaccination against kennel cough includes

Bordetella bronchiseptica canine adenovirus-2 and canine parainfluenza virus-2

Bordetella avium causes

Turkey coryza

Primary host of Bordetella avium

Young turkeys 4-5 weeks of age or younger

Transmission of Bordetella avium

Inhalation and ingestion of contaminated feed or water

Bordetella avium colonizes

Tracheal epithelium

Effect of Bordetella avium toxin

Loss of cilia epithelial destruction tracheal damage and collapse

Common complication of turkey coryza

Secondary bacterial infections

Clinical signs of turkey coryza

Conjunctivitis nasal discharge coughing dyspnea and foamy watery eyes

Mortality of turkey coryza

0% to greater than 40%

Diagnosis of turkey coryza

Microagglutination and ELISA

Vaccination for turkey coryza

Bacterin and temperature-sensitive vaccine

Porcine nonprogressive atrophic rhinitis is caused by

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Porcine nonprogressive atrophic rhinitis occurs in

Pigs younger than 16 weeks

Characteristic lesion of nonprogressive atrophic rhinitis

Mild turbinate atrophy without distortion of the snout

(small, scroll-shaped bones inside the nasal passages are slightly shrunken or thinned)

Pathogenesis of nonprogressive atrophic rhinitis

Attachment to nasal epithelium followed by toxin-mediated osteopathy and hypoplastic rhinitis

Clinical signs of nonprogressive atrophic rhinitis

Sneezing coughing and mild turbinate atrophy followed by regeneration

Complications of nonprogressive atrophic rhinitis

Increased incidence of pneumonia and poor feed conversion efficiency

Progressive atrophic rhinitis requires coinfection with

Toxigenic Pasteurella multocida

Characteristic lesion of progressive atrophic rhinitis

Twisting of the snout

Serologic tests for Bordetella bronchiseptica

ELISA and agglutination

Vaccines for Bordetella bronchiseptica

Bacterin toxoid or toxoid-bacterin

Best clue for Burkholderia mallei

Horse with glanders diagnosed by the mallein test

Best clue for Burkholderia pseudomallei

Melioidosis with multiple organ abscesses

Best clue for Bordetella bronchiseptica

Kennel cough and nonprogressive atrophic rhinitis

Best clue for Bordetella avium

Turkey coryza in young turkeys