Analgesics, Anesthetics, CNS Depressants

what is the primary MOA of opioid analgesics like morphine?

bind to opioid receptors in the CNS

morphine binds to opioid receptors, reducing perception of pain

what is a common AE of opioid therapy?

constipation

reduces GI motility

what is the priority assessment for a patient receiving IV morphine?

respiratory rate

resp depression is the most serious side effect of opioid therapy

what is the antidote for opioid overdose?

naloxone

what is the primary action of general anesthetics?

depress the CNS to produce loss of consciousness and muscle relaxation

what is the purpose of using epinephrine with a local anesthetic?

prolong the anesthetic effect by vasoconstriction

epi causes vasoconstriction which reduces systemic absorption and prolongs the local anesthetic effect

which patient is at greatest risk for complications with general anesthesia?

a 60 year old with COPD

which AE is associated with malignant hyperthermia during general anesthesia?

muscle rigidity and hyperkalemia

this occurs due to rapid muscle metabolism and increased calcium release in skeletal muscles. this causes metabolic acidosis and tachycardia

what is the primary action of benzos like diazepam

enhance the action of GABA

an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

what is the antidote for benzo overdose?

flumazenil

what is the primary use of muscle relaxants like cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)?

reduce spasticity in conditions like multiple sclerosis