HOSA Pathophysiology Nervous System with sense

Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

brain is damaged by a sudden disruption in the flow of blood to a part of the brain {embolic} or by bleeding inside the head{hemorraghic}

aphasia

Disturbance in language comprehension or production, often as a result of a stroke.

dysphasia

Difficult speech

paralysis

Absence of strength secondary to nervous impairment.

hemiparesis

partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body

diplopia

Double vision.

Transient Ischemic Attack (mini-stroke)

temporary episodes with a duration of less than 24 hours of impaired neurologic functioning caused by an inadequate flow of blood to a portion of the brain

ulcer

A deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis; may cause periodic bleeding and the formation of scars.

concussion

A loss of function, either partial or complete, as resulting from a blow or fall (for instance)

contusion

A bruise

contrecoup

also known as a counter blow, is an injury that occurs beneath the skull opposite to the area of impact

epidural hematoma

collection of blood that forms between the skull and the dura mater

dura mater

Outermost layer of the meninges

subdural hematoma

blood collects btween the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane

arachnoid membrane

middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord

craniotomy

Incision into the skull

cerebral concussion

Temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours

cerebral contusion

Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer than 24 hours

Depressed skull fracture

-bone pressed inward into the brain tissue to at least the thickness of the skull; skull depressed : may cause bruising or tearing of dura and lead to menengitis or seizures, -skull depressed : may cause bruising or tearing of dura and lead to menengitis or seizure

hemiplegia

paralysis of one side of the body

Battle's signs

Bruising behind the ears (over the mastoid process); a very late sign of skull fracture.

Raccon eyes

Basal skull fracture

nuchal rigidity

neck stiffness

paraplegia

Paralysis from the waist down

quadripleiga

loss of nerve function at the cervical region resulting in paralysis of the arms, hands, trunk, and legs.

degenerative disk

A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or aging

electromyogram

a graphical record of electric currents associated with muscle contractions

analgesic

a medicine used to relieve pain

NSAIDS

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

herniated disk

:herniation or rupture of the nucleus pulposus (center gelatinous material within an intervertebral disk) between two vertebrae, also called prolapsed disk; a herniated disk places pressure on a spinal root nerve or the spinal cord. Displacement of the disk irritates the spinal nerves, causing muscle spasm and pain, occurs most commonly in the lower spine

nucleus pulposus

The central, soft portion of a disk:

sciatic nerve

Longest and thickest nerve of the body(L4-S3)

sciatica

Inflammation of the sciatic nerve

spinal stenosis

Narrowing of the spinal canal

cephalalgia (headache)

It involves pain anywhere within the cranial cavity varying in intensity from mild to severe, may be chronic or acute, and may occur as a result of a disease process or be totally benign. The majority of headaches are transient and produce mild pain that is relieved by a mild analgesic.

migraine

A severe headache, often unilateral, and sometimes accompanied by nausea and vomiting.

tension headache

s a dull, bilateral, or diffuse headache that is often described as a pressure or squeezing sensation of mild to moderate intensity. This type of headache has no accompanying migraine features (such as nausea), and its pain does not prohibit activity, characteristics that do not match this patient's symptoms. Headache triggered by stress is often mistaken as tension-type headache, even though stress is one of the most commonly reported migraine triggers. Up to 75% of patients with migraine report neck pain that precedes or occurs during the attack, and this scenario is frequently mistaken for tension-type headache.

vascular headache

Pain arises from the vascular system--cluster or migraine headaches due to inappropriate vasoconstriction of the arteries

epilepsy (more than 30 types)

sudden episodes of abnormal intense electrical activity in the brain

Parkinson's

slowly progressive disorder onset of recognizable disturbances:a 'pill-rolling" tremor of the thumb and forefinger, muscular rigidity, slowness of movement, and post ural instabiltiy

Huntington's chorea

hereditary degenerative disease of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia progressive atrophy of the brain occurs

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

progressive, motor neuron disease that results in muscular atrophy

fasciculations

Involuntary contractions or twitchings of muscle fibers

biopsy

Diagnostic examination of a piece of tissue from the living body

RLS (RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME)

irresistible urge to move the legs;

Transient Global Amnesia

Sudden onset of compete anterograde amnesia and learning abilities, pronounced retrograde amnesia, preservation of memory for personal identity, anxious awareness of memory loss with repeated and often perseverative questioning, overall normal behavior

Neuropathy/peripheral neuritis

degeneration of the peripheral nerves

Trigeminal Neuralgia/tic douloureux

pain of the are innervated by the fifth cranial nerve/trigeminal nerve

Bell's palsy

disorder of the facial nerve (seventh cranial) that causes a onset of weakness or paralysis of facial muscles

Meningitis

Acute infection of the meninges.

Encephalitis

inflammation of brain tissue

Guillain-Barre

acute . rapidly progressive disease of the spinal nerves

Brain abcess

collection of pus

Poliomyelitis

viral infection of he anterior horn cells of the gray matter of the spinal cord and causes a selective destruction of the motor neurons

Brain tumors

, both benign and malignant, are space-occupying lesions that cause increased ICP and localized dysfunction related to their location, S&S - increased ICP, morning headaches, vomiting, seizures