chapter 1.1

anatomy

structure and shape of the body plus its parts

observation is used to see sizes and relationships of parts

gross anatomy

large structures (oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and rectum) that are easily observable, no microscope needed

microscopic anatomy

structures too small to be seen with the naked eye (cells & tissues)

digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

indigestible foods are eliminated as feces

physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

Six levels of structural organization 1

atoms - atoms combine to form molecules like water and proteins

Six levels of structural organization 2

cells - molecules join to create cells, the basic unit of life

Six levels of structural organization 3

tissues - similar cells group together to preform a common function

four main tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Six levels of structural organization 4

organ - organs are made of two or more tissue types working together to carry out specific tasks

Six levels of structural organization 5

organ system - groups of organs cooperate to achieve a common goal like circulation or digestion

Six levels of structural organization 6

organism - all the organ systems work together to make up the complete living human being

the cell

is the basic unit of life, all living cells come from previously existing cells

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails and associated glands that protect the body and regulate temperature.

skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement

muscular System

consists of muscles that enable movement of the body and maintain posture, as well as producing heat and maintaining circulation.

nervous system

conducts impulses

Endocrine system

hormonal/neurological input

cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

lymphatic system

cleanses blood

respiratory system

exchanges gases between air and blood

digestive system

breaks down food into absorbable nutrients

urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

reproductive system

Reproduce offspring- produce male sex cells (sperm) and female sex cells (oocytes)

metabolism

all chemical reactions within every living cell of the body 24/7

produces energy ATP

is regulated by hormones

catabolism

breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones

anabolism

builds larger molecules from smaller ones

excertion

Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

Wastes may be removed in urine, feces, or sweat

growth

hormones play a role in growth

–Increases cell size or body size (through increasing the number of cells)

reproduction

–Occurs on cellular level or organismal level

•On cellular level—new cells are used for growth and repair

•On organismal level—the reproductive system handles the task

oxygen

–Required for chemical reactions

Made available by the cooperation of the respiratory and cardiovascular

water

–60 to 80 percent of body weight

–Most abundant chemical in the human body

–Provides fluid base for body secretions and excretions

normal body temp

–37ºC (98.6ºF)

–Below this temperature, chemical reactions slow and stop

Above this temperature, chemical reactions proceed too rapidly