urban

explain the problems f housing in the developing world

• there is a lack of sanitation in dharavi, the few public toilets which do exist spill out into streets and open drains which is a problem during monsoon season as sewage can wash into peoples homes leading to increase incidents of cholera and typhoid

• there is no rubbish collection and therefore piles up in the streets which attracts rats and disease

• lack of clean water, there are shared standpipes which only come on for a couple hours a day which is a problem as water usually contains sewage due to cracked pips which increases incidents of disease increasing IMF

• there is a need to manage hpousing in dharavi as it is a densely populated illegal shanty settlement with problems of overcrowding with sometimes up to 20 people in just 2 rooms

• houses made from wood, plastiic sheeting and corrugated iron which is a problem as fires can break out and can spread quickly through settlement

Explain the management of housing problems in the developing world

• dharavi redevelopment project where local people will be moved to high rise apartment blocks

• Aim to replicate the streets and build in working and open spaces

• Poor quality housing rehabilitation has planned and managed improvements such as managing main sewerage systems to help reduce diseases such as cholera

• Self help schemes support the local efforts of people to improve their housing eg adding an additional floor to their buildings to reduce overcrowding

• Residents have been given legal rights land

• Resident have been supplied with building materials to make their housing safe

• slum rehabilitation has planned and managed improvements such as upgrading mains sewage systems to reduce risk of diseases like cholera

• Community toilets have been built which gives locals access to real toilets

Evaluate effectiveness of housing management strategies in developing world

• dharavi redevelopment project - there is more space so housing is more affordable

• Housing has clean water sanitation and electricity which is an improvement from informal settlement

• Some people are reluctant to move as they don’t want to leave their family and friends behind in Mumbai, it can also be a long commute for work

• There are many jobs and low density housing, literacy rates are some of the highest in India at 95%

• It is designed with an organised planned approach and the infrastructure in navi Mumbai is much better than in ,ost parts of greater Mumbai

• Slum rehabilitation - this can be expensive at a coast of 2 billion dollars

• Here people who are relocated will be put into smaller housing in apartment blocks Aim to

• This puts at risk the many businesses which are located in peoples homes and on the streets

• Loss of sense of community eg ancient fishing village in centre of dharavi

• In dharavi only those who have been residents since 2000 willlk be eligible for a property

Explain strategies to manage traffic in developing world

• Mumbai urban traffic project relays live images from traffic junctions to police headquarters allowing for real time adjustments of traffic signals which are synchronised to help commuters catch green lights to increase traffic flow. Cameras also pick up broken down vehicles and accidents allowing them to be dealt with quickly

• Railways improved by adding new tracks and stations

• 500 new eco uses have been purchased to reduce pollution

• Monorail has been built to provide an affordable alternative for commuters

• Mumbai metro rail corporation the agency who manage the metro line have appointed traffic marshals to help commuters

• Banda worli sea link bridge reduces pressures on roads into city

Evaluate effectiveness of traffic management systems

• urban traffic project relays live- expected to be used by 13000 vehicles each day and expected to reduce travel times between south Mumbai and western suburbs from 2 hours to 40 minutes

• However it costs 1.7 billion dolllars and has huge environmental impacts

• Monorail can negotiate sharp turns and climb up and down steep gradients easily

• Green modes of transport as rubber tyres create less noise , powered by electric motors which are clean which is estimated to save 200 tonnes of co2 a day in mumbai

• Metro rail reduces travel time by 21 minutes as opposed to an hour to cover thre same distance by road

• However there is critics over high cost of rail tickets

• Banda worli sea link costs escalated to twice the expenses that were originally planned

• Soon after completion the road surface deteriorated and it had to frequently close for repairs adding to delays

Explain problems of housing in developed world

• 1960 tower blocks were poorly built with problems of damp and mould

• Linked to respiratory illness eg asthma

• Many tower blocks had broken lifts and. Litter in stairwells including needles

• In 1990s these areas were associated with drug abuse and crime rates

• As a result this area experienced an ageing population as those that could afford to, moved away

• This left behind boarded up empty properties

• High unemployment lead to closure of local shops and many were boarded up with poor environmental quality

• Water of leith was polluted and carried a lot of litter which reduced land values along the shore

Management strategies for housing problems in developed world

• 1960/70 high rides flats with damp and mould was solved by comprehensive redevelopment which means they were knocked down and new homes were built eg the fort

• New low rise homes were built which had gardens and people had ownership of their outdoor space

• Due to partnerships with housing associations people could afford to buy there homes meaning they were better taken care of

• New homes were also built along the shore as part of the regeneration project this included modern apartments with large windows and balconies which were attractive for young professionals

• Area was landscaped with benches, trees planted and litter bins this improved the environment

• Water of leith is regularly cleared up , rubbish and litter removed and land values along the shore have increased

• Naturally this imopproved the reputation of leith so people started to move back in

• Some of the old 1960 tower blocks are now being conserved and given a listed status

• Banana flats have been improved by installing cctv and security entry systems to ensure safety

• There have been improvements to local amenities for local residents such as ocean terminal

• Tourists attractions such as Britannia become a good source of income and employment

effectiveness of these housing strategies in developed world

• 1960/70 tower blocks were knocked down and rebuilt as low rise homes with private gardens this improved peoples health as many of tower blocks were poorly built and people suffered respiratory problems such as asthma

• due to partnerships with housing associations people could afford top buy their properties which means they are more likely to take care of them which will increase the environmental quality of the area

• New modern apartment blocks which were built along the shore were built on old brownfield. Sights and have improved the look

explain causes of traffic congestions in developed world

• increase number of cars on the road leading to traffic congestions and air pollution

• Population growth in urban areas has increased leading to more people having to acccess the city for work

• Costly public transport has led to an increase of private vehicles in the city

• Many people prefer to drive cars into city centre than public transport

• Newer larger roads and motorways are able to carry more traffic which makes getting into the city by car from rural areas easier

• When new roads join old roads in city centre causes traffic congestions

• Many inner city areas with older roads and multiple junctions cannot cope with the increased volume of traffic

• A shortage of parking facilities in the city means people park cars on roads

• Volume of cars in the city and gases they omit contribute to air pollution and greenhouse gases

Explain management strategies to traffic congestions in developed world

• park and ride improvements to public transport, commuters have been encouraged to travel into the city centre by train, tram or bus to reduce the number of cars on the road eg park and ride at ingleston

• Public transport made more appealing by introducing Wi-Fi on buses and apps to monitor bus times which makes travelling by bus more reliable and comfortable for people commuting to work

• Introduction of bus lanes has reduced journey times along main commuters routes therefore encouraging people to travel by bus more

• Trams built linking airport to city centre which reduces amount of traffic on St John’s road

• Traffic wardens, parking permits and double yellows prevent parking on narrow roads and clears green lanes for buses and taxis

• Business have introduced flexi time so workers can avoid the rush and therefore spreads traffic more evenly throughout the day

• Local radio stations such as forth one give regular traffic updates so people know which areas to avoid if there is an accident or roadworks

• In Edinburgh a702 bypass means that traffic does not need to travel into the city centre

• 20mph speed limit encourages people to walk and cycle as it makes routes safer

• Cars are banned from princes street which is the main shopping street so it is less congested and makes it more pleasant for shoppers

effectiveness of management strategies to traffic in developing countries

• park and ride cars are parked at edge of city and then get bus into town this reduced the nyumber of cars travelling into city centre

• Green lanes encourage people to use buses as they skip queues of traffic which naturally speed up travel time

• Buses are more attractive to customers by providing free Wi-Fi and digital screens which allow people to plan journeys more effectively and bus apps reduces waiting times at bus stops

• Trams were built to reduce congestion and has improved transport from airport to cbd and it is a cleaner form of transport as it reduces emissions

• One way systems to reduce traffic congestions at junctions

• Discourage traffic with traffic wardens etc which prevents people from parking in residents spots

• Spreading tyraffic by flexitime

• Working from home means less cars on road

• Traffic control and busy junctions are monitored by cctv to prioritise heavy flow routes

• 20mph speed limit makes it safer and encourages cyclists