22-23 PSYCH/SOC CHapter 22 and 23

Psychodynamic Perspective

Personality is shaped by unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories.

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Sigmund Freud

Founder of the psychodynamic perspective.

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What are the three components of personality according to Freud?

Id, Ego, and Superego.

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Id

Source of energy and instincts that seeks immediate pleasure and avoids pain.

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Pleasure Principle

Principle followed by the Id; seeks immediate gratification.

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Ego

Part of personality that balances the desires of the Id with reality.

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Reality Principle

Principle followed by the Ego; balances desires with real-world demands.

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Superego

Moral component of personality that determines right and wrong.

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Morality Principle

Principle followed by the Superego.

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Oral Stage

Psychosexual stage in which pleasure is centered on the mouth.

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Anal Stage

Psychosexual stage in which pleasure is centered on controlling elimination.

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Phallic Stage

Psychosexual stage in which pleasure is centered on the genital area.

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Latency Stage

Psychosexual stage in which sexual interests subside and attention shifts to friends, school, and activities.

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Genital Stage

Psychosexual stage in which mature sexual interests develop.

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Psychological Fixation

Failure to successfully resolve a psychosexual stage, leading to behaviors associated with that stage later in life.

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Generativity

Focusing outward and contributing to others or future generations.

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Stagnation

Focusing inward and becoming self-centered.

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Integrity

Acceptance and satisfaction when reflecting on one's life.

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Humanistic Theory

Theory proposing that people are inherently good and possess free will.

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Carl Rogers

Founder of Humanistic Theory.

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Self-Actualization

The innate drive to achieve one's full potential.

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Unconditional Positive Regard

Acceptance and support regardless of behavior.

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Incongruence

Mismatch between actual experiences and self-concept.

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Behaviorism

Theory proposing that behavior is shaped by environmental influences.

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Determinism

The idea that behavior is determined by environmental reinforcement and punishment.

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Classical Conditioning

Learning that occurs when one stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus.

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Operant Conditioning

Learning through rewards and punishments.

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Vicarious Learning

Learning by observing others and the consequences of their actions.

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Observational Learning

Another term for vicarious learning.

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Surface Traits

Traits that are directly observable through behavior.

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Source Traits

Underlying personality traits that produce behavior.

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Which are more abstract: surface traits or source traits?

Source traits.

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Five-Factor Model

Trait theory proposing five major personality dimensions.

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Who developed the Five-Factor Model?

McCrae and Costa.

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What does OCEAN stand for?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

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Openness

Willingness to experience new ideas and experiences.

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Conscientiousness

Being organized, careful, and responsible.

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Extraversion

Being outgoing, social, and energetic.

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Agreeableness

Being cooperative, trusting, and kind.

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Neuroticism

Tendency to experience negative emotions.

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Type A Personality

Competitive, impatient, achievement-oriented, time-conscious, and prone to stress.

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Type B Personality

Relaxed, patient, less competitive, and less stressed.

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Person-Situation Controversy

Debate over whether behavior is determined more by personality traits or situations.

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Drive

Internal urge arising from physiological discomfort.

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Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain internal balance.

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Arousal

State of alertness and activation.

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Need

Physiological or psychological requirement for well-being.

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Drive Reduction Theory

Theory proposing that physiological needs create arousal states that motivate behavior to reduce the need.

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Incentive

External stimulus that encourages or discourages behavior.

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Incentive Theory

Theory proposing that behavior is motivated by external rewards and incentives.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Theory describing a progression of human needs from basic survival to self-actualization.

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Physiological Needs

Food, water, sleep, and shelter.

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Safety Needs

Security, stability, and protection.

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Love and Belonging Needs

Relationships, friendships, and acceptance.

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Esteem Needs

Self-respect, achievement, and recognition from others.

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Self-Actualization (Maslow)

Achieving one's full potential and finding meaning beyond oneself.

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Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological Needs, Safety Needs, Love and Belonging Needs, Esteem Needs, Self-Actualization.

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Main Personality Structures to Memorize

Id, Ego, Superego.

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Main Personality Principles to Memorize

Pleasure Principle, Reality Principle, Morality Principle.

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Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.

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Main Learning Theories to Memorize

Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Vicarious Learning.

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Big Five Personality Traits

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

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Main Motivation Theories to Memorize

Drive Reduction Theory and Incentive Theory.

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Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy to Memorize

Physiological, Safety, Love and Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization

What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?

A stimulus that initially does not produce an intrinsic or reflexive response.

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A stimulus that naturally and automatically elicits an unconditioned response without prior learning.

What is an unconditioned response (UR)?

An automatic, unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus.

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a conditioned response.

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Acquisition

The process of learning the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction

The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Spontaneous recovery

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.

Generalization

Responding similarly to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus.

Discrimination (Classical Conditioning)

Learning to respond only to the original conditioned stimulus and not to similar stimuli.

Taste aversion

A powerful, long-lasting learned association between a particular food and illness.

What is a reinforcer?

Anything that increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again.

Positive reinforcement

Increases behavior by adding a desirable stimulus.

Negative reinforcement

Increases behavior by removing an unpleasant (aversive) stimulus.

Primary reinforcer

An unlearned reinforcer necessary for survival, such as food or water.

Why are primary reinforcers considered unconditioned?

Because they are naturally rewarding and do not require learning.

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer

A learned reinforcer that gains value through association with a primary reinforcer.

Give an example of a primary reinforcer.

Food.

Give an example of negative reinforcement.

Buckling your seatbelt to stop the annoying alarm.

Who developed operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner.

What is the Skinner box?

An operant conditioning chamber used to study how reinforcement shapes behavior.

Operant conditioning

Learning in which behavior is modified through reinforcement or punishment.

Continuous reinforcement

Reinforcing every occurrence of a behavior.

Intermittent reinforcement

Reinforcing only some occurrences of a behavior.

Fixed ratio schedule

Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses.

Variable ratio schedule

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses.

Which reinforcement schedule produces the highest response rate?

Variable ratio.

What is a common example of a variable ratio schedule?

Gambling or slot machines.

Fixed interval schedule

Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed amount of time.

Variable interval schedule

Reinforcement is delivered after varying, unpredictable time intervals.

Reinforcement

Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

Positive punishment

Decreases behavior by adding an undesirable stimulus.

Negative punishment

Decreases behavior by removing a desirable stimulus.

Easy way to remember positive vs. negative

Positive = adds something. Negative = removes something.