Apush Period 1 and 2

Northeast

Mixed agriculture & hunting; longhouses (Iroquois Confederacy: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca).

Mississippi River Valley

Cahokia (mound builders), large urban center, trade networks.

Southwest

Pueblo (Anasazi) used irrigation for maize; adobe dwellings.

Pacific Northwest

Chinook fishing societies, totem poles, plank houses.

Spanish

Conquistadors subdued Aztec, Maya, and Inca. Established the encomienda system; intermarriage (mestizos) common.

French

Fur trappers, Jesuit missionaries, alliances with Native Americans (Quebec 1608).

Dutch

Traders in New Amsterdam; purchased Manhattan; taken by English (New York, 1664).

Columbian Exchange

Europeans brought diseases (smallpox), horses, and livestock to the Americas.

Native populations

Declined drastically; introduction of horses transformed Native life.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Criticized Spanish cruelty toward Native Americans and advocated for their better treatment.

New England

Puritan; settled by families; subsistence farming; trade and shipbuilding; town meetings; education valued.

Middle Colonies

'Breadbasket' colonies; trade in cities (NYC, Philadelphia); religiously and ethnically diverse.

Chesapeake

Virginia & Maryland; tobacco economy; indentured servants → slaves; Anglican influence.

Southern Colonies

Plantation-based; cash crops (rice, indigo, cotton); elite planters vs. small farmers.

Virginia

Jamestown (1607), joint-stock company, John Rolfe introduced tobacco.

Massachusetts Bay

Puritans, 'City upon a Hill' (John Winthrop), religious focus.

Maryland

Catholic haven, Act of Toleration (1649).

Rhode Island

Roger Williams, separation of church and state.

Pennsylvania

William Penn, Quakers, religious tolerance and peace with Natives.

Mercantilism

Economic theory where colonies exist to benefit the mother country.

Navigation Acts

Restricted trade to Britain; Molasses Act (1733); led to colonial resentment.

Dominion of New England

Attempt to enforce royal control; ended after Glorious Revolution.

Middle Passage

Brutal transatlantic journey; high mortality rates (~20%).

Stono Rebellion

Enslaved Africans revolted in South Carolina; led to stricter slave codes.

Pequot War

English + Native allies destroyed Pequot villages.

King Philip's War

Last major Native resistance in New England.

The First Great Awakening

Religious revival movement emphasizing emotion and personal faith.

Virginia House of Burgesses

First elected assembly in the colonies.

Mayflower Compact

Established self-government in Plymouth.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Early constitution with limited suffrage (property & church membership).

Great Basin / Great Plains

Nomadic bison hunters; mobile lifestyle (Sioux, Comanche, Ute).