History 2- Exam 1

late 19th industrialize inventions

iron and steel inventions
fuel and coal power
power loom
factory system

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Eli Whitney's

Invented the Cotton Gin--cleaned cotton faster

Robert Fulton'

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Samuel Morse's

telegraph

Transcontinental railroads

These were built across North America in the 1860s, linking the railway network of the Eastern United States with California on the Pacific coast; made communication and trade throughout the country easier; opened west to miners and open range ranching; Irish and Chinese workers played role in construction; led to the near extinction of buffalo

Entrepreneurs and capitalists

Rockefeller, Carnegie, Morgan, Vanderbilt

Rockefeller

Captain of industry that created a monopoly in oil refineries

Carnegie

A Scottish immigrant who made a fortune in steel and donated most of his profits.

Morgan

banking

Vanderbilt

Captain of Industry in charge of railroad and steamship lines

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Laissez-faire economics

Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property.

land grants to railroads

Property would be given to railroad companies by the government in order to encourage transportation

high tariffs on imports

High taxes on imported goods that would make the South have to buy Northern products instead of cheaper foreign products

Santa Clara County v. So. Pacific RR

118 U.S. 394 (1886), is a corporate law case of the United States Supreme Court concerning taxation of railroad properties. The case is most notable for a headnote stating that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment grants constitutional protections to corporations.

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

The author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions.

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Uriah Stephens

founder of Knights of Labor

Terrence Powderly

Leader of the Knights of Labor

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

1886
*Combination of national craft unions representing labor interests in wages, hours, and safety
*Individuals were members of their local unions, which in turn, were members of the AFL
*Rather than revolutionary changes, they sought a better working life; their philosophy was "pure and simple unionism"
*First president was Samuel Gompers

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Southern African Americans after end of Reconstruction

briefly succeeded in providing Black people with political and social power. But it was marred by tragedy

poll tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote

literacy test

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote

grandfather clause; poll tax; literacy test

Created to eliminate black voters. Allowed only man who's grandfather were able to vote before reconstruction to be able to vote. A literacy test had to be taken before being ablle to vote. Poll taxes had to be paid before voting. Very few african americans could pass all of these obstacles

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

"Atlanta Compromise Address"

Brooker Washington promoted vocational education, industrial occupations, and the learning of other practical trades that would give African Americans opportunities for economic advancement and wealth

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

Grange movements

Led by Oliver H. Kelley
Dedicated to improving economic and social conditions for farmers

Farmer's Alliances

groups of farmers, or those in sympathy with farming issues, who sent lecturers from town to town to educate people about agricultural and rural issues

Alliances create People's Party in 1892

(Populists)

Populists

A party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted direct election of senators and an 8hr working day

Omaha Platform

Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

Election of 1892

Cleveland v. Harrison, in which Cleveland won. The former was anti-protectionist tariffs, while the latter supported them. The people's party ran with Weaver, and showed their worth in this election. They did not win the presidency, but won several seats in both the house and the senate.

Panic of '93

Financial collapse shortly after Cleveland's inauguration which began a four year depression.

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic-Populist "Popocrat" William Jennings Bryan. 1st election in 24 years than Republicans won a majority of the popular vote. McKinley won promoting the gold standard, pluralism, and industrial growth.

William McKinley (R)

Chosen by the Republican party to be the 1896 candidate. In favor of pensions for union veterans of the civil war, big business candidate

William Jennings Bryan (D & Populist)

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

"Cross of Gold" speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

Populist legacies

Abandoned the gold standard
Adopted and 8 hr. work day
Introduced in income tax
Brought about election reform

Why U.S. not very involved in world affairs before late 19th century

believed that we should avoid being in other countries wars and take care of the U.S.

industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Alfred Thayer Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

wanted Americans to build a large navy and acquire colonies as Britain had

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Cuba seeks independence from Spain

The United States goes to war with Spain

"yellow journalism"

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Joseph Pulitzer

United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911)

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

"Remember the Maine"

A slogan of the Spanish-American war referring to the sinking of a battleship in Cuba. Stirred up by yellow journalism, this lead McKinley to declare war.

the Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Result of Spanish American War

Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam became territories of the US. US became a World Power

A middle-class political movement

fears the power of both the wealthy and the poor

Progressive Presidents

Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson

Theodore Roosevelt (R)

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Election of 1900

Mckinley, Bryan, Roosevelt. Mainly favored McKinley's "Sound Money," but hated his imperialism. Many who favored Bryan's anti-imperialism feared his free silver. Prosperity and Protection. McKinley with 7,218,491 popular votes. 292 electoral votes.

"Muckrackers"

Journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics in order to bring about reform.

Theodore Roosevelt's administration

Trust-Busting
Panama Canal

William Howard Taft (R)

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Woodrow Wilson (D)

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

"Bull Moose" Party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912

Wilson's progressivism

He was leading progressive arguing for a stronger government.

The Road to World War I

Today we'll discuss a few of those causes, including the complex system of alliances in Europe, the numerous military conflicts that occurred in the years and decades leading up to the war, and the event that is often cited as the beginning: the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Americans insist on "freedom of the seas"

the right of neutral nations to travel safely and trade freely

German U-Boats

German submarines in WWI and WII which were most effective during naval blockade against enemy shipping, primary targets were from Canada, British empire and the US to Great Britain

British passenger liner Lusitania sunk, May 1915

The attack took place in the declared maritime war-zone around the UK, three months after unrestricted submarine warfare against the ships of the United Kingdom had been announced by Germany following the Allied powers' implementation of a naval blockade against it and the other Central Powers.

Another passenger ship "Sussex" sunk, March 1916

German submarine torpedoed the ferry S.S. Sussex which sustained heavy damage, killing fifty and injuring hundreds, including three Americans.

Election of 1916 ("He kept us out of war")

Wilson wins a paper-thin victory over Republican candidate Charles Evans Hughes; wins because Americans want to remain neutral and engage in peace
"He Kept us out of war" --> slogan for Wilson's campaign

Germany tries to bring war to an end through

resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare, Feb 1917

Zimmermann Telegram, Feb 1917

Britain claimed to intercept a telegram from Germany encouraging Mexico to join the war on Germany's side → Germany would help Mexico recover territory in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas
→Americans were again outraged at Germany

Wilson asks Congress to arm American merchant ships

several U.S. ships attacked and sunk, Feb/Mar 1917

Russian Czar is overthrown

(March 1917)

Wilson has a moral justification for war

(April 1917)

Establishment of the Soviet Union

-300 members chosen from the upper class of Roman society.

Lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

Fuel Administration

government agency created during the war to regulate the use of coal for the war effort

National War Labor Board

A board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war

Food Administration

This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

George Creel

Headed the Committee on Public Information, for promoting the war effort in WWI

Anti-German hysteria sweeps the nation

The "Huns" were an ancient Germanic group that were known for being extremely bad and distasteful.

Espionage Act of 1917

Law which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during WW1

Sedition Act of 1918

added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces.

Schenck v. U.S.

A United States Supreme Court decision concerning the question of whether the defendant possessed a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during World War I. Ultimately, the case served as the founding of the "clear and present danger" rule.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Liberal World Order

countries are encouraged to be democratic and open their economies to the rest of the world

open diplomacy

The public conduct of negotiations and the publication of agreements.

freedom of the seas

the right of merchant ships to travel freely in international waters

reduction of armaments

Having Smaller armies, navies, and fewer weapons are less likely to start a war

self-determination of all nationalities

people can rule their own countries

a League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Wilson leads the U.S. delegation to the Peace Conference in Pari

angers Republicans before he leaves

Henry Cabot Lodge (R)

- chairman of Senate Foreign Relations Committee
- strong advocate of imperialism
- long-time friend of
T. Roosevelt
- best known for his positions on foreign policy, especially his battle w/ Pres. Wilson in 1919 over the Treaty of Versailles