Meiosis and Genetic Inheritance Review

These flashcards cover key concepts related to meiosis, genetic inheritance, DNA structure, and protein synthesis.

What is the process by which prokaryotic cells (bacteria) reproduce?

Binary fission.

What are the two copies of each chromosome in body/somatic cells called?

Homologous pairs.

What are the two parts of a chromosome called that are held together at the centromere?

Sister chromatids.

What are the events that make up the eukaryotic cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, P, M, A, T, C.

What is the stage of the cell cycle in which the cytoplasm divides?

Cytokinesis.

During which stage of the cell cycle is an exact copy of all DNA made?

Synthesis.

If a cell has 20 chromosomes and undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have?

20 chromosomes.

During which stage are chromosomes aligned along the center of the cell?

Metaphase.

During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate?

Anaphase.

What is formed as animals divide the cytoplasm?

Cleavage furrow.

What type of cell division reduces the chromosome number from 2 sets to 1 set?

Meiosis.

What type of cells contain one set of chromosomes?

Haploid cells.

What is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes called?

Crossing over.

What is the fusion of a sperm and egg called?

Fertilization.

How many cell divisions does meiosis consist of?

Two cell divisions.

What is the pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I called?

Synapsis.

What is the cell produced by fertilization called?

Zygote.

Is the zygote haploid or diploid?

Diploid.

What are the only haploid cells in humans?

Gametes.

What are the diploid cells set aside to undergo meiosis to produce gametes called?

Germ-line cells.

When does crossing over take place?

During prophase I of meiosis.

How many chromosomes do the cells produced by meiosis have?

Half the original number of chromosomes.

If a kangaroo sperm cell contains 10 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in its liver cells?

20 chromosomes.

During which phase of meiosis do sister chromatids separate?

Anaphase II.

During which phase of meiosis do homologous pairs separate?

Anaphase I.

What is the shape of DNA?

Double helix.

What describes DNA replication where one old strand is saved in each new DNA molecule?

Semi-conservative.

According to Chargaff's rule, what is the relationship between the amounts of A and T, and G and C in DNA?

A = T and G = C.

What is the complementary DNA strand to GGCTTA ATC?

CCGAAT TAG.

Where does transcription occur?

In the nucleus.

Where does translation occur?

In the cytoplasm at the ribosome.

What are the two steps in protein synthesis?

Transcription and translation.

What is the process where information from DNA is copied to make mRNA?

Transcription.

What is a segment of DNA containing the instructions for making a specific protein called?

Gene.

What are the three-base sequences in mRNA called?

Codons.

What kind of molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome?

tRNA (transfer RNA).

What is the three-base sequence of tRNA that pairs with the mRNA codon AUC?

UAG.

How many amino acids does one codon code for?

One amino acid.

Who is known as the father of genetics?

Gregor Mendel.

What were Mendel's 'factors' of inheritance actually?

Genes.

An individual with identical alleles for a particular trait is called what?

Homozygous.

An individual with different alleles for a trait is called what?

Heterozygous.

What is an allele that is expressed only in the presence of a second copy of the allele called?

Recessive.

What is the term for inheritance that shows a blending of traits in heterozygotes?

Incomplete dominance.

What is the type of inheritance in which both traits show up equally in the heterozygote called?

Co-dominance.

In pedigrees, how are males and females represented?

Males are squares, females are circles.

What is represented by different shapes and lines on a pedigree?

Relationships and inheritance patterns.

What does a Punnett square help determine?

Probabilities of traits/disorders.