sociology test chap 1 & 2

sociology

study of groups, group interactions, societies and social interactions

society

a group of people that live in a defined geographical area and who share a common culture

micro level

study of small groups and individuals

macro level

analysis of trends between large groups and societies

culture

a groups shared practices, values, and beliefs

sociological imagination

an awareness of the relationship between a person’s behavior and the culture that shaped the person’s choices

cultural patterns

social forces that put pressure on people to pick one choice over another

social fact

cultural rules that govern social life

figuration

analyzing the behavior of individuals and the society that shapes that behavior

positivism

the study of social patterns

paradigm

broad perspective that help explain different aspects of social life

what are the three sociological theories?

functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism

functionalism

the way each part of society functions together to contribute to the functioning of the whole

manifest function

consequences of a social process that are anticipated

latent function

unsought consequences of a social process

conflict theory

the way inequalities contribute to social, political, and power differences and how they perpetuate power

symbolic interactionism

the way one on one interactions and communications behave

Karl Marx

believed societies changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production.

Max Weber

focused on the individual and understanding society, wrote the protestant work ethic and the spirit of capitalism

Emile Durkheim

made connections between individuals and society and how that changes as society evolves

W.E.B. DuBois

studied racial divides after the civil war, co founded naacp

Jane Addams

founded hull house, serving immigrants through social and educational programs

George Mead

argued that how people view themselves is based on interactions with others

scientific method

interpretive framework to increase understanding of societies and interactions

what are the steps of the scientific method?

question, research, hypothesis, conduct study, conclusion, report results

reliability

how likely research results will be replicated if the study is reproduced

validity

how well the study measures what is was designed to measure

operational definition

defines a variable in terms of the physical steps it takes to measure it

primary source data

where data is collected through tests

secondary data analysis

use of existing studies

what are the 5 research methods that use primary source data?

questionnaires, interviews, participant observation, ethnography, case study

Questionnaire

series of closed ended or open ended questions

quantitative data

data in numerical form that can be counted

qualitative data

data conveyed through words

interview

one on one conversation with the researcher and the subject

what are the two types of surveys?

questionnaire, interview

field research

gathering primary data from a natural environment

what are the three types of field research?

participant observation, ethnography, case study

participant observation

researchers participate in a group’s activities to observe them

ethnography

immersion of the researcher in the natural setting of a community to observe their everyday life and culture

case study

in depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual

experiment

investigating relationships to test a hypothesis

hawthorne effect

people changing their behavior because they know they are being watched

what are the pros of surveys?

multiple responses, can survey large sample, easy to chart

what are the cons of surveys?

time consuming, difficult to encourage responses, doesn’t capture real life behaviors

what are the pros of fieldwork?

detailed, accurate real life information

what are the cons of fieldwork?

time consuming, doesn’t capture beliefs and thoughts, difficult to organize

what are the pros of experiments?

tests cause and effect relationships

what are the cons of experiments

hawthorne effect, ethical concerns

what are the 7 ethics codes?

integrity, right to privacy, no personal harm, confidentiality, consent, acknowledge collaboration, disclose financial support