HUMAN ANATOMY (MD1) - THE CELL

THE SINGLE CELL FORMED BY THE MERGER OF A SPERMATOZOON WITH AN OOCYTE FERTILIZATION

ZYGOTE

THE FIRST ZYGOTIC CELLULAR DIVISIONS PRODUCE CELLS CALLED _____, AND AS PART OF THE EARLY EMBRYO’S INNER CELL MASS, THESE GIVE RISE TO ALL TISSUE TYPES OF THE FETUS

BLASTOMERES

EXPLANTED TO TISSUE CULTURE CELLS OF THE INNER CELL MASS ARE CALLED?

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

MOST CELLS OF THE FETUS UNDERGO A SPECIALIZATION PROCESS CALLED ___

DIFFERENTIATION

WHAT SPECIALIZED CELL HAS A GENERAL CELLULAR ACTIVITY OF MOVEMENT/MOTILITY?

MUSCLE AND OTHER CONTRACTILE CELLS

WHAT SPECIALIZED CELL HAS A GENERAL CELLULAR ACTIVITY OF FORMING ADHESIVE AND TIGHT JUNCTIONS BETWEEN CELLS (LINE AND PROTECT THE BODY)

EPITHELIAL CELLS

WHAT SPECIALIZED CELL HAS A GENERAL CELLULAR ACTIVITY OF SYNTHESIZING AND SECRETING COMPONENTS OF THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (OF DIFFERENT TISSUE LEVELS)

FIBROBLASTS, CELLS OF BONE AND CARTILAGE

WHAT SPECIALIZED CELL HAS A GENERAL CELLULAR ACTIVITY OF CONVERTING PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STIMULI INTO ACTION POTENTIALS?

NEURONS (CNS) AND SENSORY CELLS

WHAT SPECIALIZED CELL HAS A GENERAL CELLULAR ACTIVITY OF SYNTHESIZING AND SECRETING DEGRADATIVE ENZYMES?

CELLS OF DIGESTIVE GLANDS

WHAT SPECIALIZED CELL HAS A GENERAL CELLULAR ACTIVITY OF SYNTHESIZING AND SECRETING OF GLYCOPROTEINS

CELLS OF MUCOUS GLANDS

WHAT SPECIALIZED CELL HAS A GENERAL CELLULAR ACTIVITY OF SYNTHESIZING AND SECRETING OF STEROID?

CERTAIN CELLS OF THE ADRENAL GLAND, TESTIS, AND OVARY

WHAT SPECIALIZED CELL HAS A GENERAL CELLULAR ACTIVITY OF ION TRANSPORT?

CELLS OF THE KIDNEY AND SALIVARY DUCTS

WHAT SPECIALIZED CELL HAS A GENERAL CELLULAR ACTIVITY OF INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION

MACROPHAGES AND NEUTROPHILS

WHAT SPECIALIZED CELL HAS A GENERAL CELLULAR ACTIVITY OF LIPID STORAGE

FAT CELLS

WHAT SPECIALIZED CELL HAS A GENERAL CELLULAR ACTIVITY OF METABOLITE ABSORPTION?

CELLS LINING THE INTESTINE

THIS IS A BASIC PART OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL THAT IS A MEMBRANE ENCLOSING THE NUCLEUS. PROTEIN LINED PORES ALLOW MATERIAL TO MOVE IN AND OUT

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

THIS IS A BASIC PART OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL WHERE IT IS A DNA WITH ASSOCIATED PROTEINS

CHROMATIN

THIS IS A BASIC PART OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL WHEREIN IT IS A CONDENSED REGION WHERE RIBOSOMES ARE FORMED

NUCLEOLUS

THIS IS A BASIC PART OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL WHICH METABOLIZES WASTE

PEROXISOME

THIS IS A BASIC PART OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL WHERE IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH RIBOSOMES; MAKES SECRETORY AND MEMBRANE PROTEINS

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

THIS IS A BASIC PART OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL IN WHICH IT MAKES LIPIDS

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

THIS IS A BASIC PART OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL IN WHICH IT FORMS THE MITOTIC SPINDLE AND MAINTAINS ITS CELL SHAPE

MICROTUBULES

THIS IS A BASIC PART OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL IN WHICH IT IS A MICROTUBULE ORGANIZING CENTER

CENTROSOME

THIS IS A BASIC PART OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL IN WHICH IT IS A FIBROUS PROTEINS THAT HOLD ORGANELLES IN PLACE

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

THIS IS A BASIC PART OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL IN WHICH IT IS A FIBROUS PROTEINS THAT FORM THE CELLULAR CORTEX

MICROFILAMENTS

THIS IS A BASIC PART OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL IN WHICH IT DIGESTS FOOD AND WASTE MATERIALS

LYSOSOME

THIS IS A BASIC PART OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL IN WHICH IT MODIFIES PROTEINS

GOLGI APPARATUS

THIS IS A BASIC PART OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL IN WHICH IT PRODUCES ENERGY

MITOCHONDRIA

THIS IS KNOWN AS THE COMMAND CENTER

NUCLEUS

PART OF THE CELL THAT CONTAINS THE GENETIC MATERIAL DNA

NUCLEUS

THIS PART OF THE CELL GIVES THE ENVIRONMENT FOR ORGANELLES

CYTOPLASM

THIS PART OF THE CELL SERVES AS THE BARRIER THAT SEPARATES THE CELL FROM THE ENVIRONMENT

CELL MEMBRANE

A LIMITING PLASMA MEMBRANE IS COMPOSED OF WHAT THAT ARE COVALENTLY LINKED TOGETHER

PHOSPHOLIPIDS, CHOLESTEROL, PROTEINS AND CHAINS OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES

A SELECTIVE BARRIER THAT REGULATES THE PASSAGE OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL AND FACILITATES TRANSPORT OF SPECIFIC MOLECULES

PLASMA MEMBRANE

PART OF A CELL THAT ONCE IT IS VIEWED UNDER ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, IT WILL BE SEEN AS TRILAMINAR STRUCTURE WHICH IS A BILAYER WITH A SPACE IN BETWEEN

PLASMA MEMBRANE

WHAT IS THE THICKNESS OF A PLASMA MEMBRANE?

7.5 TO 10 NM

WHAT IS THE MAJOR CONSTITUENTS OF MEMBRANE THAT IS APPROXIMATELY 50% BY WEIGHT IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE?

PROTEIN

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL WAS PROPOSED BY ___ IN 1972

SJ SINGER AND GL NICOLSON

THIS REPRESENTS THAT THE CELL MEMBRANE WILL HAVE THE SAME STRUCTURE FOR ALL TYPES OF CELLS

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

IN FLUID MOSAIC MODEL, WHICH IS MORE ABUNDANT IN THE OUTER LAYER?

PHOSPHOTIDYLCHOLINE AND SPHINGOMYELIN

IN FLUID MOSAIC MODEL, WHICH IS MORE ABUNDANT IN THE INNER LAYER?

PHOSPHOTIDYLSERINE AND PHOSPHOTIDYLETHANOLAMINE

GLYCOLIPIDS HAVE DELICATE CELL SURFACE COATING CALLED?

GLYCOCALYX

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS. INCORPORATED DIRECTLY WITHIN THE LIPID BILAYER

INTEGRAL

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS. CAN BE EXTRACTED ONLY BY USING DETERGENTS TO DISRUPT THE LIPIDS

INTEGRAL

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS. THE POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS OF THIS PROTEIN SPAN THE ENTIRETY OF THE MEMBRANE (AKA MULTIPASS PROTEINS

INTEGRAL

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS. BOUND TO ONE OF THE TWO MEMBRANE SURFACES, PARTICULARLY ON THE CYTOPLASMIC SIDE

PERIPHERAL

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS. CAN BE EXTRACTED FROM CELL MEMBRANES WITH SALT SOLUTION

PERIPHERAL

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS. INTEGRATION OF THE PROTEINS WITHIN THE LIPID BILAYER IS MAINLY THE RESULT OF HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE LIPIDS AND NONPOLAR AMINO ACIDS OF THE PROTEIN

PERIPHERAL

THIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS CELL DRINKING

PINOCYTOSIS

THIS INVOLVES FORMING SMALLER INVAGINATIONS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE, WHICH FUSE AND ENTRAP EXTRACELLULAR FLUID AND ITS DISSOLVED CONTENTS

PINOCYTOSIS

THIS IS KNOWN AS CELL EATING

PHAGOCYTOSIS

THIS IS THE INGESTION OF PARTICLES SUCH AS BACTERIA OR DEAD CELL REMNANTS

PHAGOCYTOSIS

A CYTOPLASMIC VESICLE CONTAINING THE MOLECULES TO BE SECRETED FUSES WITH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE, RESULTING IN THE RELEASE OF ITS CONTENTS INTO THE EXTRACELLULAR SPACE WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE INTEGRITY OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

EXOCYTOSIS

WHAT EXOCYTOSIS PATHWAYS IS WHEN PRODUCTS ARE RELEASED FROM CELLS CONTINUOUSLY

CONSTITUTIVE SECRETION

WHAT EXOCYTOSIS PATHWAYS IS WHEN PRODUCTS ARE RELEASED IN RESPONSE TO SIGNALS

REGULATED SECRETION

A TYPE OF SIGNALING WHERE THE SIGNAL MOLECULES CALLED HORMONES ARE CARRIED IN THE BLOOD FROM THEIR SOURCES TO TARGET CELLS THROUGHOUT THE BODY. SINCE THE BLOOD IS THE CARRIER, IT CAN TARGET CELLS EVEN AT A DISTANCE

ENDOCRINE SIGNALING

A TYPE OF SIGNALING WHERE THE CHEMICAL LIGAND DIFFUSES IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID BUT IS RAPIDLY METABOLIZED SO THAT ITS EFFECT IS ONLY LOCAL ON TARGET CELLS NEAR ITS SOURCE (ADJACENT CELLS)

PARACRINE SIGNALING

A TYPE OF SIGNALING WHERE A SPECIAL KIND OF PARACRINE INTERACTION, NEUROTRANSMITTERS ACT ON ADJACENT CELLS THROUGH SPECIAL CONTACT AREAS

SYNAPTIC SIGNALING AND AUTOCRINE SIGNALING

A TYPE OF SIGNALING WHERE IT IS IMPORTANT IN EARLY EMBRYONIC TISSUE INTERACTIONS. THE SIGNALING MOLECULES ARE CELL MEMBRANE-BOUND PROTEINS WHICH BIND SURFACE RECEPTORS OF THE TARGET CELL WHEN THE TWO CELLS MAKE DIRECT PHYSICAL CONTACT

JUXTACRINE SIGNALING

A TYPE OF RECEPTOR IN WHICH IT IS OPEN ASSOCIATED CHANNELS UPON LIGAND BINDING. BINDING OF THIS LIGAND WILL THEN PROMOTE TRANSFER OF MOLECULES OR IONS ACROSS THE MEMBRANE

CHANNEL LINKED RECEPTORS

THIS HELPS BIND LIGANDS SUCH AS NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND OPEN TO ALLOW INFLUX OF SPECIFIC IONS

CHANNEL LINKED RECEPTORS

RECEPTORS IN WHICH LIGAND BINDING INDUCES CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT ENZYMES WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH PERIPHERAL PROTEINS IN THE PLASMA MEMBRAN

ENZYME LINKED RECEPTORS

TYPE OF RECEPTORS THAT ARE USUALLY PROTEIN KINASES THAT ARE ACTIVATED TO PHOSPHORYLATE AND USUALLY ACTIVATE OTHER PROTEINS UPON BINDING

ENZYME LINKED RECEPTORS

A TYPE OF RECEPTOR WHEREIN THERE IS A LIGAND BINDING TO THE RECEPTOR WILL CAUSE A CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE, ACTIVATING THE RECEPTOR

G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS

THIS IS TAGGED AS THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL BECAUSE IT SYNTHESIZES MOST ATP DURING AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION BY DIGESTION OF FUEL MOLECULES IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN

MITOCHONDRION

THIS IS A HISTOLOGICAL LANDMARK FEATURE OF MITOCHONDRIA

CRISTAE

THE COMPARTMENT BETWEEN THE TWO MEMBRANES OF THE MITOCHONDRIA IS CALLED?

INTERMEMBRANE SPACE

ITS SHAPE IS SPHERICAL OR FILAMENTOUS ORGANELLE, WHICH HAS A WIDTH OF 1.5 TO 1 MICROMETER AND LENGTH OF 10 MICROMETERS

MITOCHONDRIA

THE FUNCTION OF THIS IS TO TRANSFORM THE CHEMICAL ENERGY OF METABOLITES PRESENT IN THE CYTOPLASM INTO ENERGY THAT IS READILY AVAILABLE FOR THE CELL

MITOCHONDRIA

THESE ARE HIGHLY PLASTIC RAPIDLY CHANGING SHAPE, FUSING WITH ONE ANOTHER AND DIVIDING, AND ARE MOVED THROUGH THE CYTOPLASM, ALONG WITH THE MICROTUBULES, BECAUSE OF THE CYTOSKELETON

MITOCHONDRIA

THIS IS THE PROCESS OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION THAT UTILIZES THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN RESULTING IN BYPRODUCTS ATP, WATER, AND CARBON DIOXIDE

KREB’S OR CITRIC ACID CYCLE

THEY USUALLY APPEAR ROUND OR SLIGHTLY ELONGATED AND ARE MORE NUMEROUS IN CYTOPLASMIC REGIONS WITH HIGHER ENERGY DEMANDS, SUCH AS NEAR THE CELL MEMBRANE IN CELLS UNDERGOING MUCH ACTIVE TRANSPORT

MITOCHONDRIA

THIS IS A RARE DISEASE THAT OCCURS IN INDIVIDUALS IN WHOM CELLS OF SPECIFIC TISSUES INHERIT MITOCHONDRIAL DNA WITH A MUTATED GENE FOR LYSINE-TRNA. THIS LEADS TO DEFECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF RESPIRATORY CHAIN PROTEINS, WHICH CAN CAUSE STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITY IN MUSCLE FIBERS AND OTHER CELLS

MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY WITH RAGGED-RED FIBERS (MERRF)

PART OF THE CELL THAT ENGAGES IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

RIBOSOMES

THIS ASSEMBLES POLYPEPTIDES FROM AMINO ACIDS ON MOLECULES OF TRNA IN A SEQUENCE SPECIFIED BY MRNA

RIBOSOMES

A TYPE OF RIBOSOMES THAT PRODUCE PROTEINS THAT ARE SECRETED, INCORPORATED INTO PLASMA MEMBRANE AND WITHIN LYSOSOMES

BOUND RIBOSOMES

A TYPE OF RIBOSOMES THAT PRODUCE PROTEINS USED WITHIN THE CELL

FREE RIBOSOMES

SIZE OF RIBOSOMES ARE?

20-30 NM

THESE ARE SMALL, ELECTRON DENSE BODIES THAT ARE ABOUT 20-30 NM

RIBOSOMES

A FUNCTIONAL RIBOSOMES HAS TWO SUBUNITS WHICH ARE SMALL AND LARGE SUBUNITS, OF DIFFERENT SIZES BOUND TO A BINDING SITE WHICH IS THE?

STRAND OF MESSENGER RNA

THE CORE OF THE SMALL RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT IS A HIGHLY FOLDED RIBOSOMAL RNA (RRNA) CHAIN ASSOCIATED WITH HOW MANY UNIQUE PROTEINS

MORE THAN 30

THE CORE OF THE LARGE SUBUNITS HAS THREE OTHER RRNA MOLECULES NEARLY HOW MUCH BASIC PROTEINS?

50 BASIC PROTEINS

THE RNA MOLECULES OF BOTH RIBOSOMAL SUBUNITS ARE SYNTHESIZED IN THE?

NUCLEUS (NUCLEOLUS)

INDIVIDUAL RIBOSOMES ARE HELD TOGETHER BY A STRAND OF MRNA TO FORM ____ AND THIS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY CARRY A MESSAGE

POLYRIBOSOMES (POLYSOMES)

THE MESSAGE CARRIED BY ___ IS A CODE FOR THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF PROTEIN BEING SYNTHESIZED BY THE CELL, THEREBY PLAYING A CRUCIAL ROLE IN DECODING OR TRANSLATING THE MESSAGE DURING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

MRNA

THIS IS THE ANASTOMOSING NETWORK OF INTERCOMMUNICATING CHANNELS AND SACS FORMED BY A CONTINUOUS MEMBRANE, WHICH ENCLOSES A SPACE (CISTERNA)

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

THIS CONSIST OF A SAC-LIKE AND PARALLEL STACKS OF FLATTENED CISTERNAE, LIMITED BY MEMBRANES CONTINUOUS WITH THE OUTER MEMBRANE OF THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

THIS ALLUDES TO THE PRESENCE OF POLYRIBOSOMES ON THE CYSTOLIC SURFACE OF THE STRUCTURE’S MEMBRANE

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

THE PRINICIPAL FUNCTION OF THIS PART OF THE CELL IS TO SEGREGATE PROTEINS NOT DESTINED FOR THE CYTOSOL

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

ER THAT IS MOSTLY LOCATED IN THE INNER PORTION SINCE IT IS ATTACHED DIRECTLY TO THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

ER THAT IS MOSTLY LOCATED IN THE PERIPHERAL AREA

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

THIS IS PROMINENTS IN CELLS SPECIALIZED FOR PROTEIN SECRETION, LIKE PANCREATIC ACINAR CELLS, FIBROBLASTS, AND PLASMA CELLS

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

PART OF THE CELL THAT LACKS THE ASSOCIATED POLYRIBOSOMES

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

THE CISTERNAE OF THE ORGANELLE ARE MORE TUBULAR AND MORE LIKELY TO LOOK AS A PROFUSION OF INTERCONNECTED CHANNELS OF VARIOUS SHAPES AND SIZES

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

WHICH CELL ORGANELLE HAS THIS FUNCTION:

INITIAL GLYCOSYLATION OF GLYCOPROTEINS

RER

WHICH CELL ORGANELLE HAS THIS FUNCTION:

SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS

RER

WHICH CELL ORGANELLE HAS THIS FUNCTION:

ASSEMBLY OF MULTICHAIN PROTEINS

RER

WHICH CELL ORGANELLE HAS THIS FUNCTION:

POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF NEWLY FORMED POLYPEPTIDES

RER

WHICH CELL ORGANELLE HAS THIS FUNCTION:

SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND STEROIDS FOR ALL CELL MEMBRANE

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

WHICH CELL ORGANELLE HAS THIS FUNCTION:

CONTAINS GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE THAT UTILIZES GLUCOSE FROM GLYCOGEN IN LIVER CELLS

SER