AP-CSP code.org exam review

prototype

prototype

A preliminary sketch of an idea or model for something new. It's the original drawing from which something real might be built or created.

binary question

a question where there are only two possible answers

binary message

a message that can have only one of two values

bit

A contraction of "Binary Digit." A bit is the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1.

bit rate

the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time.

protocol

A set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices.

ASCIII

The universally recognized raw text format that any computer can understand

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

What does ASCII stand for? (cap first letter)

code

(slang) to write instructions for a computer

request for comments

documents how standards and protocols are defined -- Published for all to see

router

a computer which receives messages traveling across a network and redirects them towards their intended destination based on the addressing information included with the message.

redundancy

repetition of information or the inclusion of additional information to reduce errors in transmission.

DNS

The service that translates URL's to IP addresses

domain name service

DNS stands for...

uniform resource locator

URL stands for...

HTTP

the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the internet

hypertext transfer protocol

HTTP stands for...

TCP

provides reliable, ordered and error checked delivery of a stream of packets in the internet

transmission control protocol

TCP stands for...

URL

an easy to remember address for calling a web page

IP address

A number assigned to any item that is connected to the internet

net neutrality

the principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally by Internet Service Providers

abstraction

Creating simple concise representations of more complex phenomena so that people can more easily work with, communicate about, and learn about anything.

hexadecimal

The number system is base 16, using only digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.

decimal

Traditional number system using digits 0-9.

Vint Cerf

Internet pioneer who believed the Internet should be free and available to everyone

Algorithm

A precise sequence of instructions for processes that can be executed by a computer

Function

A piece of code that you can easily call over and over again.

Library

a collection of commands / functions, typically with a shared purpose

Parameter

An extra piece of information that you pass to the function to customize it for a specific need

For Loop

A particular kind of looping construct provided in many languages. Typically, a for loop defines a counting variable that is checked and incremented on each iteration in order to loop a specific number of times.

Loop

The action of doing something over and over again.

Byte

technical term for 8 bits of data

Kilobyte (KB)

1024 bytes

Megabyte (MB)

1,024 kilobytes

Gigabyte (GB)

1,024 megabytes

.bmp

(bitmap image file or bitmap) is a raster graphics image file format used to store digital images.

.gif

(acronym for Graphics Interchange Format) a bitmap image format which uses the LZW lossless data compression technique to reduce the file size without degrading the visual quality. Supports 8 bits per pixel for each image and animations.

.jpg or .jpeg

(acronym for Joint Photographic Experts Group), a commonly used lossy compression format for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The format supports adjustable degrees of compression.

.mp3

an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression which works by reducing (or approximating)
certain components of the audio that are considered to be beyond audible human hearing.

.wav

(Waveform Audio File Format) an audio coding format standard for storing an audio bitstream of uncompressed audio data.

.txt

a computer format that is structured as a sequence of lines of electronic text.

.zip

an archive file format that supports lossless data compression; may contain one or more files or directories.

.png

(Portable Network Graphics) a raster graphics file format that supports lossless data compression.

Heuristic

a problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible.

Lossless Compression

a data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data.

Image

A type of data used for graphics or pictures.

Metadata

Data that describes other data. For example, a digital image my include metadata that describe the size of the image, number of colors, or resolution.

Pixel

Short for "picture element" it is the fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color of a larger image.

Hexadecimal Number System

A number system consisting of 16 distinct symbols — 0-9 and A-F — which can occur in each place value.

Lossless

A compression scheme in which every bit of the original data can be recovered from the compressed file.

Lossy

A compression scheme in which "useless" or less-than-totally-necessary information is thrown out in order to reduce the size of the data. The eliminated data is unrecoverable.

RGB

the color model that uses varying intensities of (R)ed, (G)reen, and (B)lue light added together in order to reproduce a broad array of colors.

RGB Intensities

a 256-range (or 8-bit range) of values from light to dark on each of the three color channels (R,G,B)

file extensions

the endings of file names that indicate to the computer the format for how the underlying bits are organized.

Computationally Hard Problem

A problem that can not be solved in a reasonable amount of time. Heuristics are often used to create an approximate or good enough solution.

Innovation

A novel or improved idea, device, product, etc. or the development thereof

Bit

A contraction of "Binary Digit". A bit is the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or a 1

Moore's Law

the observation that computing power roughly doubles every two years.

Big Data

a broad term for datasets so large or complex that traditional data processing applications are inadequate.

Caesar Cipher

a technique for encryption that shifts the alphabet by some number of characters

Cipher

the generic term for a technique (or algorithm) that performs encryption

Cracking encryption

When you attempt to decode a secret message without knowing all the specifics of the cipher.

Decryption

a process that reverses encryption, taking a secret message and reproducing the original plain text

Encryption

a process of encoding messages to keep them secret, so only "authorized" parties can read it.

Random Substitution Cipher

an encryption technique that maps each letter of the alphabet to a chosen other letters of the alphabet.

Vigenère cipher

a method of encrypting text by applying a series of alphabetical shifts based on the letters of a keyword.

Computationally Hard

a problem in which it cannot arrive at a solution in a reasonable amount of time.

asymmetric encryption

used in public key encryption, it is scheme in which the key to encrypt data is different from the key to decrypt.

modulo

a mathematical operation that returns the remainder after integer division.

Public Key Encryption

Used prevalently on the web, it allows for secure messages to be sent between parties without having to agree on, or share, a secret key. It uses an asymmetric encryption scheme in which the encryption key is made public, but the decryption key is kept private.

Digital Divide

the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the Internet, and those who do not.

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for some phenomenon used as the basis for further investigation.

Search Trends

Comparison of the popularity of topical queries in an online search engine as they relate to time.

Visualization

Images, diagrams, tables, etc created from information extracted from a given data set, with the express intention of highlighting a data story.

CSV

Abbreviation of "comma-separated values," this is a widely-used format for storing data.

Raw data

The original data as it was collected.

Summary table

A table of aggregate information about a dataset (e.g., the average, sum, count of some values).

Filter

tool/technique using dynamic parameters for reducing a data set to viewing only similar items in a row or column.

HEX: F

The number 15

Binary: 1110
Hex:

The number 14

DEC: 13

The number 13

prototype

A preliminary sketch of an idea or model for something new. It's the original drawing from which something real might be built or created.

binary question

a question where there are only two possible answers

binary message

a message that can have only one of two values

bit

A contraction of "Binary Digit." A bit is the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1.

bit rate

the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time.

protocol

A set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices.

ASCIII

The universally recognized raw text format that any computer can understand

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

What does ASCII stand for? (cap first letter)

code

(slang) to write instructions for a computer

request for comments

documents how standards and protocols are defined -- Published for all to see

router

a computer which receives messages traveling across a network and redirects them towards their intended destination based on the addressing information included with the message.

redundancy

repetition of information or the inclusion of additional information to reduce errors in transmission.

DNS

The service that translates URL's to IP addresses

domain name service

DNS stands for...

uniform resource locator

URL stands for...

HTTP

the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the internet

hypertext transfer protocol

HTTP stands for...

TCP

provides reliable, ordered and error checked delivery of a stream of packets in the internet