Behavioral Neuroscience Final

PSYC210

Positive symptoms (in schizophrenia)

Symptoms that are present that are not normally there (delusions, psychosis, hallucinations)

Negative symptoms (in schizophrenia)

Behavior that is normally present but is not there (anhedonia, lack of expression)

gene associated with schizophrenia

disc 1

Schizophrenia heritability:

Identical Twins

Fraternal Twins

Identical: 50%

Fraternal: 17%

Schizophrenia and brain ventricles and brain tissue

enlarged ventricles and reduced brain tissue

Brain tissue in those with schizophrenia and antipsychotic drug susceptibility

Reduced brain tissue = more susceptible to drug treatment

Frontal lobe activity and blood flow in those with schizophrenia

Reduced metabolic activity and reduced blood flow

Receptors targeted by first and second generation antipsychotic drugs

Dopamine (D2) receptors

Antidepressants with immediate, long lasting effects

Ketamine

Psychedelic drugs

Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia both…

share half of their predictive genetic variants

Brain metabolism in a bipolar manic episode…

increases

Benzodiazepines effect on the brain for PTSD treatment

binds to and enhances GABA receptors inhibitory actions = calming anxiety

PTSD drugs block…

emotional stress response in the body

PTSD and HPA axis have…

decreased cortisol levels in those with PTSD

PTSD associated with structural damage in the…

Amygdala

Medial prefrontal cortex

Hippocampus

Haloperidol

D2R receptor antagonist, stops neuron activity, reduces anxiety

OCD surgeries - which is better treatment?

Frontal lobotomy: severs nerve pathways from the frontal lobe to the other lobes

*Cingulotomy: Lesions made to interrupt pathways

Anterograde amnesia

Unable to form new memories after the injury occurs

Retrograde amnesia

Loss of memories of before the amnesia/injury onset

Patient H.M. and Korsakoff’s patient had…

anterograde amnesia

Patient H.M. had inhibited…

declarative memory

Where are declarative memories created and stored?

Medial temporal lobe

Where did patient N.A. have a brain deficit?

Dorsomedial thalamus and mammillary bodies

Autobiographical memory is…

episodic memory

Priming

Changed/reduced response to a stimulus

Habituation

Diminished physiological/emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus

Sea Slug Experiment

Repeated stimulation led to decreased neural transmission

Reinforcement

Increases likelihood of behavior occurring

Punishment

Decreases the likelihood of behavior occurring

Positive

Add something

Negative

Take something away

Brain region for learning skills

Hippocampus

Cells involved in moving to a specific location

Place cells

Where are place cells activated

Hippocampus

Where are head direction cells activated

Presubiculum

Where are grid cells activated

Medial entorhinal cortex

Sensory buffer

Briefest recollection of sensory impressions

Three learning processes…

encoding, consolidation, retrieval

Region for turning short term memory to long term memory

medial temporal lobe

Housing enrichment effects on the brain

Heavier and thicker cortex

Larger synapses

More dendritic branches

Housing enrichment and cholinergic neurons

Enhanced cholinergic neurons activity

Early selection

Filtering occurs at the sensory level

Late selection

Filtering occurs at the cognitive level

What measures activity during a task?

What does it measure?

Temporal or spatial?

EEG

Electrical activity

Temporal

Inattentional blindness

Failure to consciously perceive unattended stimuli

Symbolic cueing task:

What does it test?

What do the results indicate?

Valid or invalid cues are faster?

Tests reaction time for noticing the appearance of a specific target preceded by a symbolic cue

Results indicate that men have faster reaction times but women have higher validity rate

Faster reaction time to valid cues

Feature Search

Search based on two or more features that together distinguish the target (Where’s Waldo)

Region for filtering stimuli

Pulvinar

Region for voluntary attention

Intraparietal Sulcus

System for voluntary attention

Dorsal Frontoparietal Network

ADHD and brain regions

Brain regions are reduced (white and gray matter, cerebellum)