Science

Gregor Mendel

Laws of Heredity; Father of Genetics

Edward Jenner

First Vaccine (smallpox)

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin (first antibiotic)

Carl Linnaeus

Taxonomy; binomial nomenclature and hierarchical classification

Charles Darwin

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Louis Pasteur

Germ Theory, pasteurization, vaccines

Robert Koch

Discovered bacteria causing tuberculosis and cholera

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Father of Microbiology; improved microscope; discovered microorganisms

Robert Hooke

Discovered and named cells

James Watson & Francis Crick

DNA double helix structure

Rosalind Franklin

X-ray images that helped reveal DNA structure

Friedrich Miescher

First discovered DNA

Carolus Linnaeus

Modern classification system

Rachel Carson

Environmental science; Silent Spring

Isaac Newton

Laws of Motion and Gravity

Albert Einstein

Theory of Relativity; E = mc²

Galileo Galilei

Telescope improvements; astronomy observations

Nicolaus Copernicus

Heliocentric theory (Sun-centered system)

Johannes Kepler

Laws of planetary motion

Michael Faraday

Electromagnetic induction; electric generators

James Clerk Maxwell

Electromagnetic theory

Niels Bohr

Atomic model

Ernest Rutherford

Discovered atomic nucleus

J.J. Thomson

Discovered electron

Max Planck

Quantum theory

Archimedes

Buoyancy principle

Blaise Pascal

Pressure in fluids

Evangelista Torricelli

Barometer; atmospheric pressure

Anders Celsius

temperature scale

Dmitri Mendeleev

Periodic Table of Elements

Antoine Lavoisier

Father of Modern Chemistry; Conservation of Mass

John Dalton

Atomic Theory

Marie Curie

Radioactivity; radium and polonium

Robert Boyle

Boyle’s Law (gas pressure-volume relationship)

Amedeo Avogadro

Avogadro’s Law and mole concept

Hippocrates

Father of Medicine

William Harvey

Discovered blood circulation

Joseph Lister

Antiseptic surgery

Florence Nightingale

Modern nursing and hospital sanitation

Andreas Vesalius

Modern anatomy

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis

Johannes Gutenberg

Printing Press

Thomas Edison

Practical electric light bulb, phonograph

Nikola Tesla

Alternating Current (AC) electricity

Alexander Graham Bell

Telephone

Guglielmo Marconi

Radio communication

Samuel Morse

Telegraph and Morse Code

Wright Brothers

First successful airplane

Karl Benz

First practical automobile

Henry Ford

Assembly line production

James Watt

Improved steam engine

Eli Whitney

Cotton gin; interchangeable parts

Charles Babbage

Father of Computer; Analytical Engine

Ada Lovelace

First computer programmer

Alan Turing

Father of Computer Science

Tim Berners-Lee

World Wide Web

Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak

Apple personal computers

Bill Gates & Paul Allen

Microsoft software

Yuri Gagarin

First human in space

Neil Armstrong

First person to walk on the Moon

Buzz Aldrin

Second person to walk on the Moon

Katherine Johnson

NASA mathematician; space flight calculations

Wernher von Braun

Rocket development