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Is absorption of minerals generally an active or passive process?
Active
How many minerals are required by most species?
22
True or false: Macro–minerals are called that because they are larger and more complex molecules
False. They occur in larger amounts in the body
Are macro or micro–minerals more likely to be difficient?
Macro–minerals
What are the seven macro minerals?
Potassium (K)\n2. Magnesium (Mg)\n3. Sulfur (S)\n4. Chlorine (Cl)\n5. Calcium (Ca)\n6. Sodium (Na)\n7. Phosphorus (P)\n\n\nRemember: PMSing Can Cause Skin Problems
What are micro–minerals also called?
Trace–elements
What are the six micro–minerals?
Iron (Fe)\n2. Copper (Cu)\n3. Cobalt (Co)\n4. Iodine (I)\n5. Zinc (Zn)\n6. Selenium (Se)\n\n\nRemember: I Can Cook Incredible Zucchini Soup
Which mineral is known for being deficient in Canadian soil?
Selenium
True or false: In small animals problems with micro–minerals mostly comes from excesses or imbalances
True
Level of mineral supply where clinical symptoms occur
Deficient supply
Level of mineral supply where slight biochemical differences occur, the animal looks okay but is not at peak performance
Sub–optimal supply
Level of mineral supply where the animal is at full health and peak performance
Optimal supply
Level of mineral supply where slight biochemical differences occur, but no obvious signs of toxicity
Sub–toxic level
Level of mineral supply where the animal has outward clincal signs of toxicity
Toxic supply
The requirements and metabolism of which two macro–minerals are very closely related?
Calcium and phosphorus
What vitamin is required for calcium absorption?
Vitamin D
What are the three things that effect blood calcium?
Parathyroid hormone (increases level)\n2. Calcitonin (decreases level)\n3. Vitamin D
True or false: High levels of Ca inhibits P absorption, and high levels of P inhibits Ca absorption
True
What is a commonly used source for both calcium and phosphorus?
Bone meal
What form is phosphorus in cereal grains?
Phytic acid
True or false: Ruminants and monogastrics are able to convert phytic acid to phosphorus
False. Only ruminants can do this, monogastrics on a high grain diet will need phosphorus supplementation
What is the optimal Ca:P ratio?
Between 1:1 or 2:1
What animal is the exception to the usual Ca:P ratio that requires between 4:1 or 6:1?
Laying hens
What condition can a low Ca:P ratio (decreased Ca, excess P) cause in a cow?
Milk fever (also called parturient paresis)
What condition does a low Ca:P ratio (decreased Ca, excess P) cause in the thyroid gland?
Hyperparathyroidism
Does a low Ca:P or high Ca:P ratio cause rickets?
Low Ca:P ratio
What does a high Ca:P ratio (excess Ca) cause in the kidneys?
Kidney stones
How does an animal lose magnesium?
Renal excretion (diuretics, kidney disease) and GI losses (diarrhea)
What does Mg deficiency cause in cattle?
Grass tetany
How do you tell the difference between milk fever and grass tetany?
Cattle with milk fever have a lower temperature, with grass tetany they'll have a higher temperature
What does magnesium toxicity cause in cats?
Urolithiasis (kidney stones)
Which three minerals are instrumental in the movement of water in the body?
Potassium\n2. Sodium\n3. Chlorine
What function does potassium have?
Maintain osmotic balance through Na:K pump
How does a potassium deficiency effect the heart?
Tachycardia, leading to enlarged heart
What is the main source for sodium and chlorine?
Salt (NaCl)
What behaviours are seen in animals with a sodium and chlorine deficiency?
Cows drinking other cows urine, licking sweat contaminated tools or objects
Why do animals get sodium toxicity?
Water deprivation
What two amino acids is sulfur required to make?
Cysteine\n2. Methionine
What is the most toxic micro–mineral?
Selenium (Se)
What is iron essential for forming?
Hemoglobin
With what other mineral does iron have an important relationship?
Copper
Where do livestock animals get iron?
Soil contamination of feed
What are some symptoms of iron deficiency?
Lethargy, anemia, dyspnea, reduced growth rate
What baby animal is especially susceptible to anemia, so that they need iron supplements?
Baby pigs
Copper deficiency is very similar to iron deficiency, except for what symptom?
Hair pigment change
What symptom can be found in animals with either a copper deficiency or copper toxicity?
Anemia
What animal has a very low tolerance for copper?
Sheep, they can't have cattle salt blocks for this reason
What are some breeds of dogs that have a problem with copper metabolism, leading to signs of copper toxicosis?
Doberman, Bedlington terrier, and West Highland White terrier
What type of cell is affected most by zinc deficiency, why?
Rapidly growing cells, because zinc is very important in protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis
What substance in grains makes it so that animals on a high grain diet commonly experience zinc deficiency?
Phytate, a substace in grains that decreases zinc absorption
What are some signs of zinc deficiency?
Poor growth, dermatitis, cracked hooves, unhealthy hair coat
Digestion of what foreign body leads to zinc toxicity?
Pennies
What animal has a relatively high requirement for manganese (Mn)?
Laying hens
What is a sign of manganese (Mn) deficiency in poultry?
Slipped tendon
What vitamin is selenium (Se) identical to?
Vitamin E
What is a sign of selenium deficiency in all species?
Nutritional muscluar dystrophy (white muscle disease)
What are some signs of selenium (Se) toxicity?
Weakness in hind end, hair loss, blind staggers, weight loss
What gland needs iodine (I) to function properly?
Thyroid gland
If an animal isn't eating fish, eggs, or poutry, what is the most common source of iodine (I)?
Iodized salt
What is a condition caused by iodine (I) deficiency?
Goiter
