Unit 2 - Minerals (Cram)

Is absorption of minerals generally an active or passive process?

Active

How many minerals are required by most species?

22

True or false: Macro–minerals are called that because they are larger and more complex molecules

False. They occur in larger amounts in the body

Are macro or micro–minerals more likely to be difficient?

Macro–minerals

What are the seven macro minerals? Remember: PMSing Can Cause Skin Problems

1. Potassium (K)

2. Magnesium (Mg)

3. Sulfur (S)

4. Chlorine (Cl)

5. Calcium (Ca)

6. Sodium (Na)

7. Phosphorus (P)

What are micro–minerals also called?

Trace–elements

What are the six micro–minerals? Remember: I Can Cook Incredible Zucchini Soup

1. Iron (Fe)

2. Copper (Cu)

3. Cobalt (Co)

4. Iodine (I)

5. Zinc (Zn)

6. Selenium (Se)

Which mineral is known for being deficient in Canadian soil?

Selenium

True or false: In small animals problems with micro–minerals mostly comes from excesses or imbalances

True

Level of mineral supply where clinical symptoms occur

Deficient supply

Level of mineral supply where slight biochemical differences occur, the animal looks okay but is not at peak performance

Sub–optimal supply

Level of mineral supply where the animal is at full health and peak performance

Optimal supply

Level of mineral supply where slight biochemical differences occur, but no obvious signs of toxicity

Sub–toxic level

Level of mineral supply where the animal has outward clincal signs of toxicity

Toxic supply

The requirements and metabolism of which two macro–minerals are very closely related?

Calcium and phosphorus

What vitamin is required for calcium absorption?

Vitamin D

What are the three things that effect blood calcium?

1. Parathyroid hormone (increases level)

2. Calcitonin (decreases level)

3. Vitamin D

True or false: High levels of Ca inhibits P absorption, and high levels of P inhibits Ca absorption

True

What is a commonly used source for both calcium and phosphorus?

Bone meal

What form is phosphorus in cereal grains?

Phytic acid

True or false: Ruminants and monogastrics are able to convert phytic acid to phosphorus

False. Only ruminants can do this, monogastrics on a high grain diet will need phosphorus supplementation

What is the optimal Ca:P ratio?

Between 1:1 or 2:1

What animal is the exception to the usual Ca:P ratio that requires between 4:1 or 6:1?

Laying hens

What condition can a low Ca:P ratio (decreased Ca, excess P) cause in a cow?

Milk fever (also called parturient paresis)

What condition does a low Ca:P ratio (decreased Ca, excess P) cause in the thyroid gland?

Hyperparathyroidism

Does a low Ca:P or high Ca:P ratio cause rickets?

Low Ca:P ratio

What does a high Ca:P ratio (excess Ca) cause in the kidneys?

Kidney stones

How does an animal lose magnesium?

Renal excretion (diuretics, kidney disease) and GI losses (diarrhea)

What does Mg deficiency cause in cattle?

Grass tetany

How do you tell the difference between milk fever and grass tetany?

Cattle with milk fever have a lower temperature, with grass tetany they'll have a higher temperature

What does magnesium toxicity cause in cats?

Urolithiasis (kidney stones)

Which three minerals are instrumental in the movement of water in the body?

1. Potassium

2. Sodium

3. Chlorine

What function does potassium have?

Maintain osmotic balance through Na:K pump

How does a potassium deficiency effect the heart?

Tachycardia, leading to enlarged heart

What is the main source for sodium and chlorine?

Salt (NaCl)

What behaviours are seen in animals with a sodium and chlorine deficiency?

Cows drinking other cows urine, licking sweat contaminated tools or objects

Why do animals get sodium toxicity?

Water deprivation

What two amino acids is sulfur required to make?

1. Cysteine

2. Methionine

What is the most toxic micro–mineral?

Selenium (Se)

What is iron essential for forming?

Hemoglobin

With what other mineral does iron have an important relationship?

Copper

Where do livestock animals get iron?

Soil contamination of feed

What are some symptoms of iron deficiency?

Lethargy, anemia, dyspnea, reduced growth rate

What baby animal is especially susceptible to anemia, so that they need iron supplements?

Baby pigs

Copper deficiency is very similar to iron deficiency, except for what symptom?

Hair pigment change

What symptom can be found in animals with either a copper deficiency or copper toxicity?

Anemia

What animal has a very low tolerance for copper?

Sheep, they can't have cattle salt blocks for this reason

What are some breeds of dogs that have a problem with copper metabolism, leading to signs of copper toxicosis?

Doberman, Bedlington terrier, and West Highland White terrier

What type of cell is affected most by zinc deficiency, why?

Rapidly growing cells, because zinc is very important in protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis

What substance in grains makes it so that animals on a high grain diet commonly experience zinc deficiency?

Phytate, a substace in grains that decreases zinc absorption

What are some signs of zinc deficiency?

Poor growth, dermatitis, cracked hooves, unhealthy hair coat

Digestion of what foreign body leads to zinc toxicity?

Pennies

What animal has a relatively high requirement for manganese (Mn)?

Laying hens

What is a sign of manganese (Mn) deficiency in poultry?

Slipped tendon

What vitamin is selenium (Se) identical to?

Vitamin E

What is a sign of selenium deficiency in all species?

Nutritional muscluar dystrophy (white muscle disease)

What are some signs of selenium (Se) toxicity?

Weakness in hind end, hair loss, blind staggers, weight loss

What gland needs iodine (I) to function properly?

Thyroid gland

If an animal isn't eating fish, eggs, or poutry, what is the most common source of iodine (I)?

Iodized salt

What is a condition caused by iodine (I) deficiency?

Goiter