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Ethics
Refers to the principles of right and wrong that individuals, acting as free moral agents use to make choices to guide their behaviors
Morals
One’s personal beliefs about right and wrong
Law
A system of rules that tells us what we can and cannot do
Information rights and obligations
Property rights and obligations
Accountability and control
System quality
Quality of life
Moral Dimensions of information age:
Information rights and obligations
What information rights do individuals and organizations posses with respect to themselves? What can they protect?
Property rights and obligations
How will traditional intellectual property rights be protected in a digital society in which tracing and accounting for ownership are difficult, and ignoring such property rights is so easy?
Accountability and control
Who can and will be held accountable and liable for the harm done to individual and collective information and property rights
System quality
What standards of data and system quality should we demand to protect individual rights and the safety of society?
Quality of life
What values should be preserved in an information and knowledge based society?
Responsibility
Accountability
Liability
Due process
Basic concepts for ethical analysis
Responsibility
Accepting the potential costs, duties, and obligations for decisions
Accountability
Mechanism for identifying responsible parties
Liability
Permits individuals to recover damages done to them
Due process
Laws are well known and understood, with an ability to appeal to higher authorities
Identify and clearly describe the facts
Define the conflict or dilemma and identify the higher-order values involved
Identify the stakeholders
Identify the options that you can reasonably take
Identify the potential consequences of your options
Steps in Ethical Analysis
Golden rule
Do unto others as you would have them do unto you
Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative
If an action is not right for everyone to take, it is not right for anyone
Descartes’ Rule of Change
If an action cannot be taken repeatedly, it is not right to take at all
Utilitarian Principle
Take the action that achieves the higher or greater value
Risk Aversion Principle
Take the action that produces the least harm or least potential cost
Ethical “no free lunch” Rule
Assume that virtually all tangible and intangible objects are owned by someone unless there is a specific declaration otherwise
Professional codes of conduct
Promulgated by association of professionals
American Medical Association
American Bar Association
Association of Information Technology Professionals
Association for Computing Machinery
Philippine Society of Information Technology Educators
Professionals responsible for the regulations of their professions:
Privacy
Claim of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance or interference from other individuals, organizations, or state
Article III, Section 2 And Article III, Section 4
Data Privacy Act of 2012 (RA 10173)
In the Philippines, one’s privacy is protected by:
Cookies
Tiny files downloaded by web site visitor’s hard drive to help identify drive to help identify visitor’s browser and track visits to site
Web beacons/bugs
Tiny graphics embedded in e-mail and web pages to monitor who is reading message
Spyware
Surreptitiously installed on user’s computer which may transmit user’s keystrokes or display unwanted ads
Intellectual property
Defined as tangible and intangible products of the mind created by individuals or corporations
Copyright
Statutory grant protecting intellectual property from being copied for the life of the author, plus 70 years
Patent
Grants the owner an exclusive monopoly on the ideas behind an invention for 20 years
Trademarks
The marks, symbols, and images used to distinguish products in the marketplace; protects consumers by ensuring they receive what they paid for
Trade secret
Intellectual work or product belonging to business, not in the public domain
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)
Makes it illegal to circumvent technology-based protections of copyrighted materials
Computer mistakes
Refer to errors, failures, and other computer problems that make computer output incorrect or not useful
Software bugs, errors
Hardware or facility failures
Poor input data quality
Three principal sources of poor system performance:
Balancing power
Although computing power decentralizing, key decision-making remains centralized
Rapidity of change
Business may not have enough time to respond to global competition
Maintaining Boundaries
Internet use lengthens work-day, infringes on family, and personal time
Dependence and vulnerability
Public and private organizations ever more dependent on computer systems
Computer crime
Commission of illegal acts through use of compute or against a computer system — computer may be object or instrument of crime
Computer abuse
Unethical acts, not illegal in computer
Employment
Re-engineering work resulting in lost jobs
Equality and access — the digital divide
Certain ethnic and income groups are less likely to have computers or internet access
