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◇History

• Is a recitation of unrelated facts that do not contribute to a larger story.

• A simple acceptance of what is written about a historical topic, event, or person.

• A strict reliance solely on the past with no examination on how the past has influenced the present or how it may influence the future.

History

• Is a chronological storytelling in its finest form; it sequentially weaves together many related historical and contemporary events and ideas that are linked to a larger story.

• Idealism

• Historicism

• Relativism

Different approaches to history

Idealism

Belief that history can be described in terms of ideas.

Historicism

Each age has its own values, and events should be described within the context of those values.

Relativism

The belief that there is no absolute truth and that all views of history are valid.

History

a narrative account used to examine and analyze events

Historicity

the authentication of characters in history, as opposed to legend or myth

Historiography

is the study of how history has been written, interpreted, and debated by historians over time.

• PRIMARY

• SECONDARY

• TERTIARY

SOURCES OF HISTORY

Primary

is a firsthand, direct account of an event or topic. It is created by someone who was present or involved at the time.

Primary

Common examples include diaries, letters, photographs, official records, and raw research data

Secondary

is a work that describes. analyzes, interprets, or evaluates information from primary sources.

Secondary

Common examples include textbooks, history books, biographies, and scholarly articles that review or synthesize past research

Tertiary

is a work that compiles, indexes, or summarizes information from primary and secondary sources.

Tertiary

Common examples include Wikipedia, general encyclopedias like Encyclopedia Britannica, dictionaries, textbooks, almanacs, and bibliographies

Primary Sources

Directly address your topic and often provide information that is unavailable elsewhere

Primary

On the other hand, some _x_ sources, such as eyewitness accounts, maybe too close to the subject, lacking a critical distance. Others, such as interviews, surveys, and experiments, are time consuming to prepare, administer, and analyze

Secondary Sources

Means through which a primary source is presented.

Secondary Sources

Variety of expert perspectives and insights. Peer review usually ensures the quality of sources such as scholarly articles. This is more efficient than planning, conducting, and analyzing certain primary sources.

Secondary Sources

Not focused on specific topic, you may dig to find applicable information. Information may be colored by the writer's own bias or faulty approach

Tertiary Sources

Provide third-hand information by reporting ideas and details from secondary source. This does not mean that it doesn't have a value, merely that they include the potential for an additional layer of bias.

Tertiary Sources

Quick, easy introduction to your topic. May point to high quality primary and secondary sources

Tertiary Sources

May oversimplify or otherwise distort the topic. By rehashing secondary sources, they may miss new insights into a topic.

• External Criticism

• Internal Criticism.

Two main types of criticism

EXTERNAL CRITICISM

(or lower criticism) checks if a source is authentic by looking at its physical traits and origin.

EXTERNAL CRITICISM

• Physical properties: Tests paper quality, type of ink, handwriting, and material age.

• Time and place: Confirms if the date, language, and idioms match the claimed era

• Authorship: Identifies who wrote or created the document and if they truly existed at that time.

• Goal: Prove the document is a genuine artifact and not a fake or a forgery

INTERNAL CRITICISM

(or higher criticism) checks if the content is truthful, accurate, and credible

INTERNAL CRITICISM

• Author's background: Examines the writer's mental state, potential biases, and possible hidden motives.

• Firsthand knowledge: Determines if the author was a direct witness or participant in the reported events.

• Logical consistency: Looks for internal contradictions, exaggerations, or factual errors within the text.

• Goal: Determine the truthfulness, meaning, and reliability of what the document actually says.