Kaarten: 20th century 1 class 3 and 4 | Quizlet

What is the general relationship between modernism and gender?

modernism and gender have a complicated relationship

How was modernism perceived in terms of gender and elitism?

it was considered masculine, elitist, educated, and strong

How was modernism viewed in terms of audience?

it was considered by men, for men

What social movement partly triggered modernist elitism?

the New Woman and the suffragette movement

Why did modernist men feel threatened?

because women were starting to fight against gender roles and enter male-dominated spaces

How did modernist men respond to the feminisation of society?

they reacted by reinforcing elitism and exclusion in literature

Why was literature associated with women in the 19th century?

it was seen as a hobby and a form of entertainment, especially prose

How did literature's status change in the early 20th century?

it became institutionalized, professional, educational, and male-dominated

What effect did the Nobel Prize for Literature (1901) have?

it helped define "good" literature and contributed to literature's professionalization

How did men view Victorian literature in the early 20th century?

they saw it as too feminine, moralistic, and overly judgmental

Why was Victorian literature criticized by modernists?

it was often written by women and seen as lacking literary seriousness

What was the role of The Times Literary Supplement in modernism?

it played a major role in breaking and making literary reputations

What was founded in 1910 to institutionalize English literature?

the Academic Committee

What was notable about the 1910 Academic Committee?

it was an all-male body shaping literary value and canon

Name some authors involved in the 1910 Academic Committee?

James, Yeats, Hardy, Conrad

Why did modernist men reclaim literature in the early 20th century?

to distinguish themselves from the feminized literature of the 19th century

What did women's increased access to time and education enable?

their entry into writing and reading novels seriously

Why was modernist elitism seen as a backlash?

it responded to the rise of women in public and literary life

What was a common coping mechanism for women writers in a male-dominated literary field?

male pen names

Why did women use male pen names?

to gain credibility and improve the reception of their work

Who were Michael Field?

Katherine Harris Bradley and Edith Emma Cooper

What happened when Michael Field's identity was revealed?

their work was dismissed and no longer read

Which canon focused on masculinity and excluded women?

the modernist canon

Name female writers excluded from the modernist canon.

Katherine Mansfield, May Sinclair, Dorothy Richardson, Jean Rhys, Elizabeth Bowen, Mina Loy

Which book discusses 'The Men of 1914' and modernism?

Erik Svarny's The Men of 1914 (1988)

What changed in the 1980s regarding modernist studies?

feminism became a scholarly field

Name a major feminist interpretation of modernism.

Modernism as écriture féminine by Cixous, Jardine, DuPlessis

How did feminist scholars view modernism?

as fluid, flexible, and expressive of feminine writing

Which technique is a key feature of modernist writing and women's novels?

stream of consciousness

Who were notable exceptions in being included in the modernist canon?

Virginia Woolf and Gertrude Stein

What did Sylvia Beach do that was groundbreaking?

she published James Joyce's Ulysses in 1922

What was Hogarth Press?

a press started by Virginia and Leonard Woolf to publish marginalized authors

Why was the modernist short story considered "modern"?

it was experimental, short, and suited to literary magazines

Why were short stories popular among women writers?

lower threshold than novels and easier to experiment with

What are key features of modernist short stories?

epiphany, in medias res, ellipsis, lack of closure

When was The Garden Party published?

1922

Who was Katherine Mansfield?

New Zealand-born writer known for modernist short stories

What inspired The Garden Party?

events from Mansfield's childhood

What is the opening literary technique of The Garden Party?

in medias res - begins with "And"

What's notable about the story's narration?

third-person, variable focalisation, free indirect discourse

What is free indirect discourse?

character's thoughts rendered in third person while keeping narrative tense

What modernist features does the story use?

variable focalisation, fragmented perspective, unreliable narrator

Who is the main focaliser in The Garden Party?

Laura

How is class explored in The Garden Party?

Laura's naive and romanticised view contrasts with poverty in the lane

What does the hat symbolise in The Garden Party?

class, femininity, her mother's will, transformation into womanhood

What does Laura experience at the end of the story?

an ambiguous epiphany when seeing the dead man

What does the phrase "Forgive my hat" imply?

her shame or discomfort at her class and privilege

Does The Garden Party have a clear ending?

no, it ends ambiguously with an ellipsis and lack of closure

What is Laurie's role in the ending?

he pretends to understand Laura's emotional reaction

Why is The Garden Party modernist?

ambiguous narration, lack of closure, internal monologue, symbolism

What is the tone of the story's ending?

reflective, ambiguous, unresolved

What was the core issue in the relationship between Great Britain and Ireland?

Religion — Ireland was predominantly Catholic while Great Britain was Protestant.

When did the conflict begin?

It began in the 16th century under Henry VIII, who created the Protestant Irish Church and declared himself King of Ireland.

What happened in the 17th century?

Protestant settlers moved to Ireland, forming the Anglo-Irish Ascendancy that dominated Catholic Ireland politically, economically, and socially.

What was the Big House trope?

Large estates owned by Anglo-Irish landlords, surrounded by poor Catholic tenants; symbols of wealth, isolation, and eventual decline.

How were Catholics treated under Protestant rule?

Through the Penal Laws — strict regulations that severely restricted Catholic rights and freedoms.

What marked the 18th century in Anglo-Irish history?

It was seen as a "Golden Age" for the Protestant Ascendancy, with partial Catholic emancipation and Irish Parliament gaining autonomy in 1782.

What happened with the Act of Union in 1800?

Ireland's Parliament was abolished and full control transferred to Great Britain, ending Irish legislative independence.

What key figure emerged in the 19th century?

Daniel O'Connell, "The Liberator," led the Catholic emancipation movement and secured rights for Catholics in 1829.

What was the Great Irish Famine (1845-1852)?

A catastrophic event where over 1 million died and 1 million emigrated, especially from the South and West, leading to widespread trauma and global Irish nationalism.

How did Irish nationalism evolve in the late 19th century?

Movements like Home Rule emerged, with Charles Stuart Parnell as a major (but eventually disgraced) leader advocating self-government within the UK.

Why did Parnell fail to achieve Home Rule?

Due to political opposition and a scandal involving an affair with a married woman, which led to his fall and early death.

Who was John O'Leary?

A Protestant nationalist and leader of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), advocating full Irish independence through radical means.

What was the Easter Rising (1916)?

A failed six-day insurrection led by Irish republicans aiming for independence; though militarily unsuccessful, it had a huge cultural and symbolic impact.

What happened after the Easter Rising?

The execution of 16 leaders led to increased public sympathy for Irish republicanism and boosted the nationalist cause.

What was the Anglo-Irish War (1919-1921)?

A guerrilla war between British forces and Irish republicans, resulting in the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the partition of Ireland.

What did the 1921 partition of Ireland create?

Northern Ireland (Protestant, Unionist) stayed in the UK; Southern Ireland (Catholic) became the Irish Free State.

What followed the partition?

The Irish Civil War, between the pro-Treaty Irish government and anti-Treaty IRA, who opposed partition.

What was the Irish Free State (1922-1937) like?

Highly conservative and Catholic, with strict censorship — authors like Joyce and Beckett were banned.

What did the 1937 Constitution establish?

A more autonomous Ireland, and in 1949, the Irish Republic was formally declared, fully separating from the British Crown.

What is modernism's basic outlook?

Belief in progress — the idea that "things will get better."

How does capitalism tie into modernity?

It promises that "everyone can make it"; capital and wealth are no longer exclusive to the aristocracy.

What impact did Darwinism have on modern thought?

It challenged religious creationism by proposing that humans evolved naturally, not divinely created.

What is meliorism?

The belief that the world can be improved by human effort, without relying on divine intervention.

What does meliorism say about human potential?

That individuals have the power to make the world better — "we can fix the world."

How did modernity justify colonialism?

Through the belief that humans (i.e., Europeans) could improve "untamed" nature — often violently imposed on native peoples.

What marked the peak of British colonialism?

The British Empire's heyday was in 1897, during the Late Victorian period.

Was slavery still part of colonialism by then?

No — slavery was largely abolished in the 19th century, but colonialism continued as a commercial and capitalist enterprise.

What was the Berlin Conference (1884-1885)?

A meeting of 12 European countries + Ottoman Empire + the U.S. to divide Africa and regulate trade; it legitimised Leopold II's private ownership of the Congo.

Why is the Berlin Conference significant to literature?

It shaped Joseph Conrad's views and underpins the background of Heart of Darkness.

What was Joseph Conrad's stance on colonialism?

He was a pro-colonist but held a minority, critical view of its brutal realities.

What did Conrad write about the Congo in 1903?

That it was a state "where ruthless, systematic cruelty towards the blacks is the basis of administration."

How did colonialists justify their actions?

They claimed a moral duty to "civilize" — to bring light, peace, and ethics to "dark" places.

What does Marlow say in Heart of Darkness about his role?

He sees himself as "an emissary of light, something like a lower sort of apostle."

What does Kurtz say in Heart of Darkness about his mission?

That each station should be "a beacon," improving and instructing natives, alongside trade.

How does Kipling's poem The White Man's Burden reflect colonial thought?

It portrays colonizing natives (e.g. in the Philippines) as a moral burden and civilizing duty of white men.

How are natives described in Kipling's poem?

As "half devil and half child," needing guidance and civilization from white colonizers.

Who was Joseph Conrad?

Born in 1857 in Polish Ukraine, into a politically active, nationalist family fighting for Polish independence.

What personal hardships did Conrad face early on?

Father arrested in 1861; both parents exiled in 1862; mother died in 1865; father died in 1869 — raised by his uncle afterward.

What shaped Conrad's view of colonialism?

His experience as part of a minority under the Russian Empire and his time in the Congo as a sailor in 1890.

How is Heart of Darkness autobiographical?

It draws from Conrad's 1890 trip to the Congo, documented in his Congo Diary, which directly influenced the novel.

Who was Joseph Conrad?

He was born in 1857 in Polish Ukraine, of Polish nationalist parents, orphaned early, became a sailor, and wrote from 1894 to 1924.

What was Conrad's first novel and its publication years?

'Almayer's Folly' (1894-1895).

Name two early short stories by Conrad?

'An Outpost of Progress; An Outcast of the Islands' (1896) and 'The ****** of the "Narcissus"' (1897).

What is the significance of 'An Outpost of Progress'?

Written 1896, published 1897, Conrad's best story about two men in a Congo trading post whose petty quarrel leads to catastrophe.

What celebratory event coincided with 'An Outpost of Progress' publication?

Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee (60 years reign) in 1897, celebrating British Imperialism.

Summarize the plot of 'An Outpost of Progress.'?

Two white agents left alone at a remote station descend into petty bickering and murder over sugar cubes, ending in death.

How is 'An Outpost of Progress' structured?

In two parts: Part I introduces the two white men at the station; Part II introduces ten station men and shows the collapse of routine.

Describe the narrator's style in 'An Outpost of Progress.'?

An external, ironic, scornful omniscient narrator who comments on the vanity and fetishization of "civilisation."

What theme does the "fetish" storehouse represent?

It symbolizes meaningless European fetishization of "Progress and civilisation."