APUSH Chapter 7 pt. 2

Standard of living

The level of wealth, comfort, and material goods available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area, often measured by income, employment, and access to goods and services.

Scientific Management/Ford

A management theory that analyzes and synthesizes workflows to improve economic efficiency and labor productivity, famously applied by Henry Ford in his manufacturing processes.

Welfare Capitalism

A system in which businesses provide social welfare programs to their employees, aiming to improve worker satisfaction and productivity while reducing the need for government intervention. This approach often includes benefits such as healthcare, retirement plans, and paid vacations.

Hollywood/movie industry

A sector of the entertainment industry focused on the production and distribution of films, characterized by its influence on culture and society, as well as its significant economic impact.

Charles Lindbergh

An American aviator who became famous for completing the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight in 1927, flying from New York to Paris.

Fundamentalism in Religion

A movement within American Protestantism that emphasizes a literal interpretation of the Bible and a strict adherence to its teachings, often in reaction to modernist theology and secularism.

Scopes Trial

A landmark legal case in 1925 that challenged a Tennessee law prohibiting the teaching of evolution in schools, highlighting the conflict between science and religion.

Prohibition- 18th Amendment

A constitutional amendment ratified in 1919 that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States, leading to a nationwide ban on alcohol.

Al Capone- organized crime

A notorious gangster during the Prohibition era, Al Capone was known for his involvement in illegal activities such as bootlegging and gambling, becoming a symbol of organized crime in America.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian immigrants and anarchists who were controversially convicted of murder in 1921, highlighting issues of prejudice and injustice in the American legal system.

Quota Laws

Legislation that established limits on the number of immigrants allowed into the United States from specific countries, reflecting the nativist sentiments of the 1920s.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s, featuring prominent African American writers, artists, and musicians.

Marcus Garvey- back-to-Africa

A movement that advocated for the return of African Americans to their ancestral homeland in Africa, promoting black nationalism and self-reliance.

Calvin Coolidge

The 30th President of the United States, who served from 1923 to 1929, known for his pro-business policies and belief in limited government.

Herbert Hoover

The 31st President of the United States, who served from 1929 to 1933, known for his response to the Great Depression and efforts to promote economic recovery.

Black Tuesday

The day on October 29, 1929, when stock prices collapsed, marking the beginning of the Great Depression.

Buying on margin

A practice where investors purchase stocks with borrowed money, expecting to repay the loan with profits from future stock sales.

Bank failures

Occurrences when banks are unable to meet their obligations, leading to insolvency and loss of depositor funds, which were prevalent during the Great Depression.

Gross National Product

The total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy in a specific period, often used as an economic indicator of a nation's economic health.

Stock market crash

A sudden and significant decline in stock prices, typically leading to widespread financial panic and economic downturn, most famously occurring in 1929.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

An act that raised U.S. tariffs on imported goods to historically high levels in 1930, aimed at protecting American industry but ultimately worsening the Great Depression. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff was intended to protect domestic industries by imposing steep tariffs on imports, but it led to retaliatory tariffs from other countries, exacerbating international trade tensions and deepening the economic crisis.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

A government agency created in 1932 to provide financial support to banks, businesses, and state and local governments during the Great Depression, aimed at stabilizing the economy.

Bonus March

A protest by World War I veterans in 1932 demanding the immediate payment of bonuses promised to them, which culminated in a march on Washington, D.C., and resulted in the use of military force to disperse the demonstrators.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

The 32nd President of the United States, who served from 1933 to 1945 and led the country through the Great Depression and World War II. He implemented the New Deal programs to provide relief, recovery, and reform to the American economy. Roosevelt was known for his charismatic leadership and ability to communicate with the public through his fireside chats, which helped to restore public confidence during challenging times.

Warren Harding

The 29th President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death in 1923. His presidency was marked by a return to normalcy after World War I and was characterized by scandals such as the Teapot Dome. He favored pro-business policies and tax cuts, but his administration was marred by corruption. Most corrupt presidency

Teapot Dome Scandal

A bribery scandal involving the secret leasing of federal oil reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming and Elk Hills in California during the Harding administration, which led to significant political fallout and the conviction of Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall.

Brain Trust

A group of expert advisors that President Franklin D. Roosevelt relied on for policy advice during his early presidency, particularly in developing the New Deal programs.

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression, aimed at providing economic relief, recovery, and reforms to prevent future economic crises. The New Deal represented a significant expansion of the federal government's role in the economy.

Bank Holiday

A temporary closure of banks declared by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in March 1933 to prevent bank runs and stabilize the financial system.

Fireside chats

Radio addresses by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to communicate directly with the American public, explaining his policies and reassuring citizens during the Great Depression.

-CCC- Civilian Conservation Corps

A New Deal program established in 1933 that provided jobs for young men in environmental conservation projects, such as reforestation and park maintenance.

-TVA- Tennessee Valley Authority

A New Deal agency created in 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, and economic development to the Tennessee Valley region.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

Legislation passed in 1933 that aimed to stabilize the banking system by allowing only financially sound banks to reopen and providing federal support to restore public confidence.

FDIC- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

A U.S. government agency created in 1933 to provide deposit insurance to depositors in American commercial banks, ensuring the safety of deposits and restoring trust in the financial system.

SEC- Securities and Exchange Commission

A U.S. government agency established in 1934 to regulate the securities markets, protect investors, and maintain fair and efficient markets.

Second New Deal

A series of programs and reforms launched by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935 to address the economic challenges of the Great Depression, focusing on social welfare, labor rights, and economic recovery.

Social Security Act

A 1935 law that established a system of old-age benefits, unemployment insurance, and aid to families with dependent children, aimed at providing financial security to Americans.

Wagner Act

A 1935 law that established the right of workers to organize unions and engage in collective bargaining, significantly enhancing labor rights in the United States.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest and radio host who became a controversial figure during the Great Depression, known for his populist views and criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies.

Court Packing

A political strategy proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937 to expand the Supreme Court by adding justices, aimed at securing favorable rulings for New Deal legislation.

John L. Lewis

A prominent labor leader and president of the United Mine Workers of America, he was a key figure in the organization of industrial unionism in the United States, advocating for workers' rights and better working conditions during the New Deal era.

Fair Labor Standards

A U.S. law passed in 1938 aimed at establishing minimum wage, overtime pay eligibility, recordkeeping, and youth employment standards, promoting fair labor practices in the workplace.

Dust Bowl- Okies

A period in the 1930s characterized by severe drought and poor agricultural practices that led to widespread crop failure and ecological devastation in the Southern Great Plains. Many displaced farmers, known as 'Okies,' migrated west to California in search of work and a better life.