BIOCHEM, QUIZ 2 (thank god.)

Cellulose

plant cell walls, functions as a dietary fiber

Cell recognition

a cell's ability to distinguish one cell type from another or to identify foreign materials in the body

Cell immunity

an immune response that protects the body by activating specialized cells rather than producing antibodies

Blood-type recognition

the process of identifying the specific antigens (proteins and sugars) present on the surface of a person's red blood cells

Steroids

lacks fatty acids and glycogen, 4-fused carbon rings

Amount of energy storage for a lipid

9kcal/g

Amount of energy storage for carbohydrates/proteins

4kcal/g

Ether bonds

bonds that connect lipids

Glycosidic bonds

bonds that connect carbohydrates

Peptide bonds

bonds that connect proteins

Phosphodiester bonds

bonds that connect nucleic acids

Phosphate group

a molecule made of one phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms

Cholesterol

found in phospholid bilayer

Eicosanoids

a lipid-derived signaling molecules

Waxes

long-chain alcohol + fatty acids

Hydrogenation

transfat, a chemical reaction that adds hydrogen atoms across double or triple bonds in a compound

Sphingolipids

group that contains one or more sugar molecules

Cerebrosides

containing 1 monosaccharide/sugar

Gangliosides

complex sphingolipids, containing 3-8 monosaccharides/sugar

Actin + myosin

interact to produce muscle contraction

Ferritin

way of transport/storage, stores iron

Insulin

protein hormone

Insulin receptor

receptor protein

Kinases

proteins involved in signaling pathways

Albumin

transports fatty acids and drugs, as well as helps to maintain fluid balance

Fibrin

important in blood clotting

Cytochrome P450

detoxification and metabolism of many substances

Catalase

helps break down hydrogen peroxide

Superoxide dismutase (SOD)

helps defend cells against reactive oxygen species

cAMP (cyclic AMP)

an important cell-signaling molecule

The primary structure is the linear sequence or order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

N-terminus → C-terminus

Backbone interactions

Secondary structures are stabilized primarily by hydrogen bonds between backbone groups, Ex: Keratin, Silk Fibroin

Denaturation

the disruption or alteration of a protein’s normal structure, often resulting in loss of function

Carboxyl group

(–COOH), of one amino acid

Amino group

(–NH₂), of another amino acid react to form a peptide bond while releasing H₂O

Amylase

biological hydrolysis, uses starch to break down into smaller sugars

Proteases

catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds

Pi

inorganic phosphate

Fischer esterification

reaction between: Carboxylic acid + Alcohol and Ester + Water

Carbonyl group

used to recognize an acid-derived part of compounds

Proton

H⁺

Tetrahedral intermediate

Functions as a medium for protons within Fischer Esterification, has 4 bonds around it

Haber process

used to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen

Enzyme inhibition

one way cells control enzymes through

Allosteric site

a/the site a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to