Anatomy - Intro to anatomy, cells, and homeostasis

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83 Terms

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Superior

Toward the head end of upper part of body

<p>Toward the head end of upper part of body</p>
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Inferior

Away from the head end and toward the lower part of the body

<p>Away from the head end and toward the lower part of the body</p>
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Anterior (ventral)

Toward the front or belly side

<p>Toward the front or belly side</p>
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Posterior (dorsal)

Toward the back

<p>Toward the back</p>
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Medial

Toward the midline

<p>Toward the midline</p>
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Lateral

Away from the midline

<p>Away from the midline</p>
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Superficial

Toward the surface of the body

<p>Toward the surface of the body</p>
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Deep

Away from the surface of the body

<p>Away from the surface of the body</p>
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Proximal

Toward a structure's origin or point of attachment to the trunk

<p>Toward a structure's origin or point of attachment to the trunk</p>
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Distal

Away from a structure's origin or point of attachment to the trunk

<p>Away from a structure's origin or point of attachment to the trunk</p>
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Coronal Plane/Frontal

Divides body into anterior and posterior portions (frontal plane)

<p>Divides body into anterior and posterior portions (frontal plane)</p>
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Sagittal Plane

Divides body into left and right portions

<p>Divides body into left and right portions</p>
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Midsaggittal Plane

Divides the body or organ into equal left and right sides

<p>Divides the body or organ into equal left and right sides</p>
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Sagittal Plane

Divides into unequal right and left parts

<p>Divides into unequal right and left parts</p>
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Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

<p>Divides the body into superior and inferior portions</p>
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Thoracic Cavity

cavity containing the heart and lung

<p>cavity containing the heart and lung</p>
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Cranial Cavity

- cavity containing the brain

<p>- cavity containing the brain</p>
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Vertebral cavity

- cavity containing the spinal cord

<p>- cavity containing the spinal cord</p>
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abdominopelvic cavity

cavity containing the kidneys, digestive and reproductive organs

<p>cavity containing the kidneys, digestive and reproductive organs</p>
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Pelvic Cavity

containing the bladder and reproductive organs

<p>containing the bladder and reproductive organs</p>
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Cephalic

Head

<p>Head</p>
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Frontal

Forehead

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Orbital

Eye

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Nasal

Nose

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Buccal

Cheek

<p>Cheek</p>
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Oral

Mouth

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Cranial

Brain

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Occipital

Base of Skull

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Cervical

Neck

<p>Neck</p>
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Thoracic

Chest

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Sternal

Chestbone

<p>Chestbone</p>
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Pectoral

Breast

<p>Breast</p>
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Axillary

Armpit

<p>Armpit</p>
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Abdominal

Front of trunk

<p>Front of trunk</p>
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Vertebral

Spine

<p>Spine</p>
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Lumbar

Lower back

<p>Lower back</p>
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Sacral

Posterior region between the hip bones

<p>Posterior region between the hip bones</p>
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Pelvic

Between hips, anterior

<p>Between hips, anterior</p>
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Coxal

Hip

<p>Hip</p>
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Brachial

Upper arm

<p>Upper arm</p>
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Antecubital

Front of elbow

<p>Front of elbow</p>
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Olecranal

elbow (posterior)

<p>elbow (posterior)</p>
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Carpal

Wrist

<p>Wrist</p>
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Digital

Fingers or Toes

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Femoral

Thigh

<p>Thigh</p>
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Patellar

Kneecap

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Popliteal

Back of knee

<p>Back of knee</p>
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Crural

Shin

<p>Shin</p>
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Sural

Calf

<p>Calf</p>
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Tarsal

Ankle

<p>Ankle</p>
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Calcaneal

Heel

<p>Heel</p>
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Plantar

Bottom of foot

<p>Bottom of foot</p>
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Abdominal regions

Divided into 9 sections

<p>Divided into 9 sections</p>
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Gross anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

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Microscopic anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

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Relationship between anatomy and physiology

structure determines function

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Necessary Life Functions

1. Maintaining boundaries
2. Movement
3. Responsiveness
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism
6. Excretion
7. Reproduction
8. Growth

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Survival needs

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

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Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

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How homeostasis is maintained

1. Receptor responds to change
2. Control center decides what to do
3. Effector provides response to stimulus

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Negative feedback systems

reverses a change in a controlled condition

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positive feedback system

1.Childbirth
2. Lactation
3. Blood clotting

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Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

<p>Large, flat muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities</p>
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anatomical position

erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward

<p>erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward</p>
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Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

<p>on the same side of the body</p>
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Contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

<p>on the opposite side of the body</p>
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Isotonic solution for RBC

0.9% NaCl

<p>0.9% NaCl</p>
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Hypotonic solution

a solution that causes a cell to swell because of osmosis

<p>a solution that causes a cell to swell because of osmosis</p>
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Hypertonic solution

a solution that causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis

<p>a solution that causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis</p>
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Water intoxication

blood becomes hypotonic
cells swell
headache, nausea, death

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Osmosis

when water molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration

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Nucleus

contains genetic information
controls the cell

<p>contains genetic information<br>controls the cell</p>
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Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes

<p>Makes ribosomes</p>
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Golgi apparatus

stack of membranes that packages cell products

<p>stack of membranes that packages cell products</p>
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Microtubules

Thick hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers.

<p>Thick hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers.</p>
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Vesicle

A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area

<p>A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area</p>
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Smooth ER

Makes lipids

<p>Makes lipids</p>
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Rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes, makes proteins

<p>ER that is dotted with ribosomes, makes proteins</p>
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Mitochondria

part of the cell that makes energy molecules from glucose

<p>part of the cell that makes energy molecules from glucose</p>
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Centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

<p>Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only</p>
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Ribosomes

Makes proteins

<p>Makes proteins</p>
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Plasma membrane

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier,

<p>The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier,</p>
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Lysosome

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

<p>An organelle containing digestive enzymes</p>