Psychology 101 Exam 3 Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for Chapters 8-10

Developmental Psychology

Study of how people grow and change from birth to death

Longitudinal Study

Study one group for a long period of time

Cross Sectional Design

Study different age groups at same time

Nature

Genetics, what you are born with

Nurture

Environment, how you are raised

Dominant

Shows up even if only one copy

Recessive

Needs two copies to show up

Down’s Syndrome

Extra 21st chromosome, causes intellectual and physical differences

Turner Syndrome

Only one X chromosome in females, affects development

Klinefelter Syndrome

XXY chromosome in men, affects physical and cognitive traits

Zygote

Fertilized Egg (first two weeks)

Embryo

2 to 8 weeks

Fetus

8 weeks to birth

Monozygotic twin

Identical, 1 egg and 1 sperm

Dizygotic twin

Fraternal, 2 egg and 2 sperm

Placenta

Organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to babies

Critical Period

Specific time when certain things must happen in order for normal development

Teratogens

Harmful Substances (drugs, alcohol) damage to fetus

FASD (Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder)

Physical and brain issues caused by alcohol during pregnancy

Infant Reflexes

Inborn Automatic Responses (grasping ,rooting,sucking)

Sensorimotor Stage

Learned by senses and movement

Preoperational Stage

Egocentrism, no logic

Concrete Operational Stage

Logic, conversation

Formal Operational

Abstract thinking

Object Permanence

Knowing things still exist when hidden(Develops 8 months)

Egocentrism

Cant see things from other perspectives ( common for kids)

Conservation

Knowing amounts stay the same even if shape changes

ZPD

What a child can do with help

Scaffolding

Support given to children to help learn

Temperaments

Baby’s natural personality ( easy, difficult, slow to warm)

Strange Situation Study

Attachment Styles ( secure, avoidant)

Imaginary Audience

Teens think everyone is watching them

Personal Fable

Teens believe their experiences are unique

Preconventional Morality

Avoid punishment/gain reward

Conventional Morality

Follow rules/social approval

Postconventional Morality

Personal ethics and justice

Authoritarian Parenting

Strict, high rules, low warmth

Permissive Parenting

Few rules, high warmth

Life Review

Older Adults reflect on life

Wear & Tear Theory

Aging happens because body wears out over time

Drive

Internal state of tension and need that motivates a person to take action to reduce tension

Drive Reduction Theory

Assumes behavior arises from internal drives to push organisms to satisfy physiological needs and reduce tension and arousal

Primary Drives

Basic needs born with (hunger, thirst, sleep, warmth, avoiding pain)

Secondary Drives

Learned needs, not born with( money, success, approval, and grades)

Nach

Strong desire to succeed in attaining goals

Npow

Need to have control or power

NAff

Need for friendly social interactions or relationships with others

Internal Locus of Control

Those who have assumed they have control over what happens in there life

External Locus of Control

Those who feel like their lives are controlled by powerful others, fate, or luck

Sensation Seeking

Those who need more arousal

Incentives

External Reward or Goal, pulls you to act, can be a reward or punishment

Leptin

Hormone, made of fat cells, tells the brain, controls hunger and body weight

VMH (Ventromedial Hypothalamus)

Part of the brain, “fullness center”, Tells you to stop eating.

LH (Lateral Hypothalamus)

Part of the brain, tells you to start eating, “hunger center”

BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)

Rate of energy use, how many calories your body needs at rest to keep things running

Display Rules

Social Guidelines, differ by gender, differ by cultures that are individualistic vs collectivistic

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Face tells you how your brain feels

Primary Sex Characteristics

Directly related to reproduction ( Ovaries, testes, penis, vagina)

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Features that appear during puberty (body hair, breast development, deepening of voice)

Social Learning Theory

Theory that gender roles are learned through observations, imitation, and reinforcement by parents , peers, and society

Androgyny

Gender role that involves both masculine and feminine traits

Master’s and Johnson’s Research

Pioneers in study of sexual behavior who identify the sexual response cycle through direct observation of people having sex

Excitement Phase

Initial arousal, body begins to prepare for sex

Plateau Phase

High level of arousal is maintained

Orgasm Phase

Peak of sexual tension, release of tension

Resolution Phase

Body returns to normal state

Refractory Period

TIme after orgasm during which a person cannot orgasm (longer for men)

Sexual Orientation

Pattern of emotional, romantics, and or sexual attraction to people of a specific gender