NCM 114 Lec - Geria Lec - Module 2 - Part 2

28-31 teeth

How many permanent teeth does an adult have?

Incissors

Part of the teeth that is used to bite

Canines

Part of the teeth used to tear

Premolars and Molars

Part of the teeth used to chew and grind.

Crown

The part of the teeth visible above the gingiva or gum

Root

Part of the tooth imbedded in a socket in either the mandible or maxilla of the jaw

peridontal membrane

this lines the tooth socket and holds the teeth in place

Enamle

The protection part of the tooth, a very hard casing

Pulp Cavity

Part of the tooth that contains the blood vessels and nerve endings

Tongue

A highly flexible structure controlled by and composed primarily of skeletal muscles. Aids in mechanical digestion by positioning food between the teeth and mixing it with saliva

Papillae of the Tongue

This part of the tongue contains the taste buds and are located on the upper surface of the tongue

Three

There are ______ pairs of salivary glands in the oral cavity

Amylase

The enzyme in saliva that digests starch

Esophagus

A muscular tube that passes from the pharynx through the flat later of the diaphargm then to the stomach.

Cardiac Sphincter

The lower esophageal sphincter that sits at the same level of the diaphragm where the esophagus meets the stomach. It allows food to enter the stomach but prevents the stomach contents from moving backward into the esophagus

Stomach

A muscular sac in which both mechanical and chemical digestion takes place. Lined with mucous membrane that prevent damage to the muscle wall.

Digestive juice or gastric juice

the mixture of enzymes, instrinsic factors, and hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Pyloric Sphincter

Located at the distal end of the stomach retains the food bolus and the digestive juices within the stomach

Chyme

The substance released by the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine

Small Intestine

It is more than 20 feet long and is divded into three segments.

Intestinal Juice

Secreted by intestinal digestive glands which counters the chyme's acidity because it is ALKALINE

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum

3 segments of the small intestines

Sphincter of Oddi

The common bile duct and pancreatic duct converge and enters the duodenum via the?

Bile

Produced in the liver and stored in the gallblader that emulsifies fat to break it down

Pancreatic Juice

It has enzymes that break down protein. Neutralizes the acid in the stomach

Sodium Bicarbonate

The pancreas releases ________ which counters hydrochloric acid

Villi

The _______ in the small intestine are responsible for absorption in the small intestine

Ileocecal Valve

Located between the ileum and and the cecum (large intestine). It prevents waste products from moving backward into the small intestine

Large Intestine

Approx. 5 feet long and is divded into 4 segments (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid, rectum)

- Main function is the absorption of water, minerals, and vitamins and storage and elimination of indigestible waste

Effluent

liquid waste that are reabsorbed by the large intestine for water; resulting on a solid fecal matter

Defecation Reflex

Happens when the peristalsis causes the effluent to enter the rectum for discharge

Gastrocolic Reflex

Occurs when the stomach is distended with food, stimulating a vigrous peristalsis of the rectum

Internal Anal Sphincter

Involuntary muscle that relaxes with rectum is full

External Anal Sphincter

Under voluntary control after 2-3 years of age. May be contracted to prevent defecation.

Hiatal Hernia

protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm. Risk factors include Obesity and age greater than 50 years.

GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

A major problem that can occur with Hiatal Hernias. The gastric content s move backward into the esophagus, where they increase the risk for aspiration

Chronic Atrophic Gastritis

Inflammatory change in the mucous membrane of the stomach in which the mucosa becomes thin and abnormally smooth and may develop hemorrhagic patches.

Peptic Ulcer

A term that refers to both gastric and duodenal ulcers. Either occur with aging, H. Pylori.

Diverticulosis

abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall of the colon. The risk of developing this disease increases with each decade of life

Diverticulitis

Involves the inflammation of one or more diverticula. This inflammation may result in bowel obstruction, perforation, or abscess formation.

- Oral Food intake is RESTRICTED. IV fluid only

Contrast Enema

The diagnostic procedure for Diverticulosis

Colon Cancer

The risk of developing this increases at 40 years and peaks at 60-75.

Women

Carcinoma of the Colon is more common in?

Men

Rectal carcinoma is common in?

over 40

Routine screening for rectal cancer is recommended for those ages over?

Hemorrhoids

Sometimes called as piles by older adults. Common at all ages but may be particularly troublesome to older patient. Pain and small amounts of bright red blood at the rectum.

Rectal Prolapse

Bulging of the rectum through the anus. A serious problem seen in the elderly population. Most likely to occur in women older than 60, especially multiparous women

Left Kidney

This is slightly higher than the right one

Nephrons

The functional unit of the kidney

Ureters

Are tubes of smooth muscles that allow the urine to drain from each kidney to the bladder. It rdrains by means of gravity

Internal sphincter

Located at the outlet from the bladder into the urethra. The control is INVOLUNTARY

External Urethral Sphincter

Comes under voluntary control at approx. 2-3 years of age. Voluntary contraction prevents urine from leaving the body

200 - 400 mL

Urge to urinate occurs when urine volume reaches?

Urethra

A tubelike passage that leads from the bladder to the outside of the body.

Urinary Meatus

Point of exit of urine is called as the?

1 to 1.5 inches

Size of the female urethra

7-8 inches

Size of the male urethra

Specific Gravity

Measures the amount of solids dissolved in water

Urinary Tract Infection

The incidence of _____ increases significantly with age.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

The prostate gland tends to enlarge with aging, gradually blocking the flow of urine.

Chronic Renal Failure

May be a result of other chronic health condition such as HTN, DM, and Chornic UTI

Nervous System

Comprised of the brain, spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves. Processes and controls body functions and links us with the outside world.

1. Writing

2. Working with Tools

3. Singing etc.

Conscious works of the nervous system

1. Regulation of heartbeat

2. Regulation of Body Temp

The unconscious functions of the brain

Neurons

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

Dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

Axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

Adrenaline

A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress. The fight or flight. Increases heart rate and blood flow.

Noradrenaline

For concentration. Affects attention and responding to actions in the brain.

Dopamine

For pleasure. Feelings of pleasure, addiction, and movement. People repeat behaviors that lead to ______ release

Serotonin

Mood. Contributes to the well-being and happiness. Helps sleep cycle, digestive system regulation.

GABA

Calming. It calms firing nerves in the central nervous system. Improves level of focus. Low levels causes anxiety.

Acetylcholine

For learning. Involved in thought, learning, and memory. Activates muscle action in the body. For attention and awakening

Glutamate

For memory. Most common neurotransmitter. Involved in learning and memory. Regulates the development and creation of nerve contacts.

Endorphins

For euphoria. Released during exercise, excitement, and sex. It reduces pain.

Central Nervous system

It is composed by the brain and spinal cord

Brain

The master integrator of the nervous system. It is responsible for thought, decision making, behavior, and all life processes.

Medulla Oblongata

Extends from the spinal column to the pons of the brain. Controls vital functions such as heart rate, constriction of blood vessels (for BP), and respiration.

- The reflex center for coughing, vomiting, swallowing, and sneezing are also located in this area.

Pons

Located above the medulla and below the mid brain. Serves as the bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum.

- Control respiratory patterns and works with the medulla to regulate breathing and sleep

Mesencephalon

The term for midbrain

Midbrain

Most rostral part of the brainstem. Connects the pons and cerebellum. Integrates visual and auditory functions.

- Maintains balance, equilibrium, regulation of sleep, and wakefulness

Hypothalamus

A small area of the brain above the pituitary gland. The coordinating center for the autonomic nervous system.

Hypothalamus (2)

Secretes releasing and inhibitng hormones that affect the secretions of the pituitary gland; resulting in various effects in the endocrine.

- Responsible for controlling body temperature, food intake, and is involved in the visceral responses such as increased HR when angry.

Cerebellum

Regulates:

1. Muscle Tone

2. Coordination of goal-directed & spontaneous movements

3. Posture and balance

4. Eye movements

5. Motor Learning

Cerebellum (2)

Each of its hemisphere influences motor activity of the ipsilateral half of the body.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the human brain. Divided into lobes. Left lobes are responsible for the right side of the body while the opposite happens on the right lobes.

Contralateral

The function of the cerebrum's lobes is?

Frontal Lobes

Control voluntary motor activity, judgement, planning, organization, problem solving, and behavior.

Broca's Area

Controls the movements related to speech. Found in the left-frontal lobe in right-handed individuals.

Parietal lobes

Interpret impulses and sensations from the skin and muscles. Responsible for facial, shape, and color recognition.

- The _____ and temporal lobes are responsible for TASTE

Temporal Lobes

Receives auditory and olfactory impluses and are devoted to new memory, learning, music, and emotions

Occipital Lobe

Deals with vision, depth perception, and 3D interpretation

Peripheral Nervous System

A division of the nervous system consisting of all nerves that are not part of the brain or spinal cord and conencts it on the appropriate end organs

Parkinson's Disease

A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors.

Dopamine Agonists, MAO-B Inibitors, and Levodopa

Main medications for Parkinson's Disease

Dementia

a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes.

Alzheimer's Disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning.

Vascular Dementia

form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain