HIST1 L2 The Geography & Peopling of the Philippines

Basic Geography Info of the Philippines

-consists of 7,641 (Updated by NAMRIA from 7,107)

• 3 Stars in the Philippine Flag (according to the 1898 Declaration of Independence: it is Luzon, Mindanao, Panay) -approx land area is 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sqr miles)

• it is an archipelago

11 LARGEST ISLANDS IN THE PHILIPPINES

-LUZON
-MINDANAO
-SAMAR
-NEGROS
-PALAWAN
-PANAY
-MINDORO
-LEYTE
-CEBU
-BOHOL
-MASBATE

the largest is LUZON

Archipelago Seas

Waters enclosed by the straight archipelagic baselines drawn around the outermost points of the archipelago (under the Archipelagic Doctrine).

The water is legally EQUIVALENT to land territory.

Territorial Seas

An area extending from the outer edge of the territorial sea up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline.

It marks the official TERRITORIAL BOUNDARY of the nation. The Philippines enforces customs, tax, immigration, and security laws here.

Exclusive Economic Zone

(EEZ)

An area extending from the outer edge of the territorial sea up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline.

The area remains international waters for NAVIGATION and FLIGHT (freedom of navigation/overflight), but the Philippines holds exclusive economic monopoly

West Philippine Sea

-Philippine won the legal case in 2016 (July 12)
-Using the 1734 PEDRO MURILLO VELARDE MAP (The Mother of All Philippine Maps)

What did China claim?
-China claimed almost 80% to 90% of the entire South China Sea using a map marked with 9 dashed lines (often called the Nine-Dash Line).

Literal Translation of Philippine Provincial Names

-were based on the root words of the Name of the places

• based on plants/crops, water features, landforms, animals, and man-made objects or products.

3 Origins of the Archipelago of Philippines

-Tagalog Creation Myth (Sky, Sea, Kite)
-Pacific Theory (BAILEY WILLIS)
-Asiatic Theory (DR. LEOPOLDO FAUSTINO)

TAGALOG CREATION MYTH

-There was no land, only the SEA and the SKY. -Between them flew a KITE (a hawk-like bird) with nowhere to rest.

-The tired KITE stirred up the SEA to throw waters against the SKY.
-To restrain the rising sea, the SKY showered down MANY (Rocks which became) ISLANDS. -The KITE built her NEST on one of the islands, bringing PEACE to sea and sky.

PACIFIC THEORY

also known as volcanism

by BAILEY WILLIS

-States that the Philippine archipelago was formed through VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS under the Pacific Ocean.

ASIATIC THEORY

also known as DIASTROPHISM (means the movement of earth's crust resulting in the rising or sinking of land masses)

by DR. LEOPOLDO FAUSTINO

-States that the islands were formed through DIASTROPHISM (crustal movements that caused land to rise or sink) connected to the Asian continent.

3 Peopling based on MYTHS/BELIEFS

-The Creation Story in the Bible (Genesis 1:27-29)

-Story of Malakas and Maganda

-Bathala

The Creation Story in the Bible

GENESIS 1:27-29.

God created human beings (MALE AND FEMALE) Adam and Eve in His own image.

Command: MULTIPLY (fill the earth with descendants) and take DOMINION/CHARGE over all living creatures (fish, birds, wild animals).

Story of Malakas and Maganda (First People)

Born from a BAMBOO stalk created by the marriage of the LAND BREEZE and SEA BREEZE.

Floating bamboo hit the feet of the KITE (bird), which pecked it open in anger.

Out came the first man (MALAKAS) and first woman (MAGANDA).

Married under the counsel of the EARTHQUAKE and other creatures.

Story of Malakas and Maganda (Origin of Races)

The father (Malakas) beat the numerous children with a STICK, causing them to scatter:

HIDDEN ROOMS: Became CHIEFS (nobility).

WALLS: Became SLAVES.

OUTSIDE: Became FREE MEN.

FIREPLACE: Became NEGROES (dark-skinned people).

FLED TO THE SEA: Returned generations later as WHITE PEOPLE.

Bathala

___________ (impatient) molded human figures using CLAY and baked them in an OVEN.

TOO EARLY (UNDERBAKED): Became PALE / WHITE PEOPLE.

TOO LATE (OVERBAKED/BURNT): Became DARK-SKINNED PEOPLE.

JUST RIGHT (PERFECTLY BAKED): Became GOLDEN BROWN / FILIPINOS.

3 Peopling based on ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

-Kalinga Artifacts and Fossil Fauna Remains
-Callao (Cagayan Man)
-Tabon Man

Kalinga Artifacts and Fossil Fauna

(2018)

Dated between 631,000 to 777,000 YEARS AGO.

SIGNIFICANCE: Oldest evidence of HOMININ / HUMAN EXISTENCE in the Philippines.

FINDINGS: Butchered RHINOCEROS bones, STEGODON remains, stone tools, and TURTLE SHELLS (indicating high sea levels).

Callao

LOCATION & DATE: Discovered in Callao Cave, CAGAYAN, dated to ~67,000 YEARS AGO.

SPECIES: Classified as a new hominin species, HOMO LUZONENSIS.

FOSSILS FOUND: Foot bone (METATARSAL), hand bones, and TEETH.

SIGNIFICANCE: Oldest confirmed HUMAN FOSSIL (body part) found in the Philippines.

Tabon Man

(1962)

LOCATION & DATE: Discovered by Robert Fox in Tabon Cave, PALAWAN, dated 10,000 TO 50,000 YEARS AGO.

SPECIES: Confirmed modern human (HOMO SAPIENS).

FOSSILS FOUND: Part of a SKULL CAP and jawbones.

HISTORICAL VALUE: Long considered the first modern human specimen in the Philippines prior to the Callao Man reclassification.

Peopling based on LINGUISTICS

-Wave Migration Theory (H. OTLEY BEYER)
-Core Population Theory (F. LANDA FAUSTINO)
-"Out of Sundaland" Model (WILHELM SOLHEIM II)
-"Out of Taiwan" HYPOTHESIS (PETER BELLWOOD)

Wave Migration Theory

peopling theory by H. OTLEY BEYER

CONCEPT: Filipino ancestors arrived in successive WAVES OF MIGRATION over sea and land bridges.

THE 4 WAVES: DAWN MAN NEGRITOS (Pygmies) INDONESIANS MALAYS

STATUS: Now largely DISCREDITED by modern anthropology due to lack of archaeological evidence.

Core Population Theory

peopling theory by F. LANDA JOCANO

CONCEPT: Early inhabitants of Southeast Asia belonged to a single CORE POPULATION with a shared cultural base.

PROCESS: People did not arrive in distinct waves; instead, they DIFFERENTIATED GRADUALLY over time due to environmental adaptation and local evolution.

Out of Sundaland Model

also known as the NUSANTAO Model

Proponent: WILHELM SOLHEIM II.

CONCEPT: Populations expanded outward from the sunken landmass of SUNDALAND (Maritime Southeast Asia) driven by post-glacial rising sea levels.

NMTCN: Developed the NUSANTAO MARITIME TRADING AND COMMUNICATION NETWORK, suggesting culture spread through TRADE AND SEAFARING NETWORKS rather than mass population migrations.

Out of Taiwan Hypothesis

main consensus

Proponent: PETER BELLWOOD.

CONCEPT: AUSTRONESIAN speakers migrated southward from TAIWAN into the Philippines, eventually spreading across the Indo-Pacific.

EVIDENCE: Supported by LINGUISTICS (Proto-Austronesian roots), GENETICS, and ARCHAEOLOGY (red-slipped pottery, rice agriculture, outrigger canoes).

STATUS: CURRENT SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS on the peopling of the Philippines.

What do History and Geography reveal about the Philippines?

HERITAGE & IMPACT: Geography shapes the SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC paths of Filipinos beyond mere physical maps.

TOPOGRAPHY: The MOUNTAINOUS AND WATERY island environment created isolated communities, leading to a DIVERSE CULTURE AND SOCIETY before Spanish arrival. KEY SPANISH DATES: 1521 (Magellan's arrival / first contact) and 1565 (Legazpi's arrival / start of colonization).