greek history

Spartiatai/ Homoioi

full Spartan citizens/ elite warriors that have equal rights and land

Perioikoi

free non-citizen living in Sparta, handled trade and manufacturing

helots

state owned serfs in sparta who farmed land FOR the Spartiatai

Gerousia 

spartas council of elders 

Ephors

five officials that oversaw the kings and daily affairs

Kimon

athenian general and politician

Perikles

interferential Athenian leader who promoted democracy and built Parthenon

Thucydides

Historian of Peloponnesian war; emphasized factual, rational history

Sophists

traveling teachers who tought rhetoric and persuasive speaking

Archidamos

Spartan king who led early invasions of Attica in the Peloponnesian war

Kleon

Athenian demagogue known for aggressive policies against Sparta

Nikias

Moderate Athenian leader; negotiated the peace of Nikas in 421

Alcibiades

charismatic but controversial Athenian general; switch sides

Hyperbolos

Athenian politician; the last person to be ostracized

Gylippos

Spartan general; helped defeat Athens in Sicily

Demosthenes

Athenian general and orator; fought at Pylos and Sphakteria

Brasidas

brave spartan general; captured Amphipolis; admired even by enemies

Peisander

Athenian oligarch involved in the coup of the 400

the 400

An oligarchic government that briefly replaced democracy in Athens

Thrasyboulos

Athenian democratic leader who overthrew the 30 tyrants

lysander

spartan admiral who defeated Athens at Aigospotamoi

cyrus (the younger)

Persian prince who fundered sparta agaisnt athens 

Konon

Athenian admiral who rebuilt the Athenian fleet after its defeat

the 30/ 30 tyrants

Oligarchic regime installed in Athens after its defeat

Theramenes

Moderate oligarch; member of the Thirty, later executed by them.

Kritias

Harsh leader among the Thirty Tyrants; associated with repression.

Agesilaos

Spartan king and general; campaigned in Asia Minor and Greece.

the sacred Band

Elite Theban military unit of 150 pairs of male lovers

Pelopidas & Epaminondas

Theban generals who reformed the army and defeated Sparta at Leuktra.

Philip II of Macedon

King who unified Macedonia and conquered Greece.

Sparta lakedaimon

Powerful militarized city-state in southern Greece

Lakonia

Region controlled by Sparta.

Messenia

Region enslaved by Sparta; home of the Helots

Boiotia 

Central Greek region dominated by Thebes.

Megara

City-state between Athens and Corinth; often a cause of conflict

corinth

Wealthy trading city; major ally of Sparta

Corcyra

Island (modern Corfu); site of a civil war that foreshadowed the Peloponnesian conflict.

Poteidaia

A city whose rebellion helped spark the Peloponnesian War.

Acharnai

A deme (district) of Attica invaded early in the war

Argos

A neutral or shifting ally city-state in the Peloponnesian Wars.

segesta

Sicilian city that persuaded Athens to invade Sicily.

syracuse

Powerful city in Sicily; defeated Athens in 413 BCE

Dekeleia

Fortified Spartan outpost in Attica; occupied during the war.

samos

Samos — Aegean island; key Athenian naval base and democratic stronghold

phyle

Fort near Athens; used by democrats to launch attacks on the Thirty

Eleusis

Religious center; briefly a refuge for oligarchs.

Megalopolis

City founded to unite Arcadians against Sparta.

Messene

City refounded after Sparta’s defeat to free the Helots.

Thessaly

Northern region of Greece; known for its cavalry

Historia 

Inquiry or research; root of the word 'history.'

Eikos

Probability or plausibility; used in rhetoric and argumentation.

Demagogue

A political leader who gains power by appealing to popular desires and emotions rather than reason.

Great Rhetra

Spartan constitution or foundational law.

Kleros

Allotment of land given to a Spartan citizen

agoge & syssitia

Spartan education system and communal dining groups

Krypteia

Secret Spartan police who controlled and terrorized the Helots

delian League

Athenian-led alliance formed to defend against Persia

The Peloponnesian League

Spartan-led alliance of Peloponnesian states.

Phoros (tribute)

Payments made by allies to Athens for the Delian League.

Klerouchy

Athenian colony where settlers retained citizenship.

Propylaia

Monumental gateway to the Athenian Acropolis.

Erechtheion

Sacred temple on the Acropolis dedicated to Athena and Poseidon.

Parthenon

Temple dedicated to Athena Parthenos; symbol of Athenian glory

Second Athenian Confederacy

Later alliance (4th century BCE) meant to replace the Delian League.