geology final

Age of Earth

4.6 billion years

Core composition

Fe and Ni

Oceanic crust

thinner, more dense, rock basalt

Continental crust

Less dense, rock granite

Lithosphere

Ridged plates

Asthenosphere

Plastic that allows lithosphere to slide over surface

Mesosphere

Dense layer of mantle

Outer core

Liquid layer which seismic waves cannot travel through

Inner core

Solid irons and nickel

Currie point

580C, if a rock is cooled below this point they will capture magnetic field of earth

Hot spots

places where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere

Fingernail

2.5 hardness

Copper penny

3.5 hardness

Glass plate

5.5 hardness

Isolated tetrahedron

Olivine

single chain silicates

pyroxenes (augite)

Double chain silicates

amphiboles (hornblende)

sheet silicates

Biotite and Muscovite

Framework silicates

quartz and feldspars

Quartz with Ni

Citrine

Is ice a mineral

Yes, it is naturally occurring and has a crystalline structure

1 plane

Basal

2 planes

Rectangular

3 planes at 90 degrees

Cubic

3 planes not at 90 degrees

Rhombohedral

4 planes not at 90 degrees

Octagonal

Bowens reaction series order

olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, muscovite, quartz

Ferromagnesian minerals

olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite

phaneritic texture

Pegmatitic texture

1cm extremely slow cooling

aphanitic texture

Fine grained rapid cooling

Glassy

Extremely rapid cooling of lava

Vesicular texture (igneous)

Gases while cooling produces lots of holes

porphyritic texture

Two different speeds of cooling create two different sizes in one rock

Phenocrysts

Slow cooled larger crystals

Mafic vesicular rock

Scoria

Felsic vesicular rock

pumice

glassy igneous rock

Obsidian

Ground mass

Finer grained materials that cools rapidly

Peridotite

Ultramafic green rock

Gabbro

mafic, phaneritic

Basalt

mafic, aphanitic

Diorite

intermediate, phaneritic

Andesite

intermediate, aphanitic

Granite

felsic, phaneritic

Rhyolite

Felsic, Aphanitic

Primary magma

Forms within the mantle

Hot spot

Originates within mantle core boundary

magmatic differentiation

Upper portion of the magma becomes more Mafic to intermediate in composition

Cinder cone

Low viscosity, high gas, conduit

composite volcano

intermediate viscosity, high gas, conduit

Shield

Low viscosity, low gas, conduit

Lava domes

High viscosity, low gas, does not erupt

Collapse caldera

High viscosity, high gas, caldera eruption

lava plateau

Magic magma, low gas, fissure

Aa Lava flow

Basaltic lava moves slowly to form jagged edges

Pahoehoe lava flow

Basaltic lava moves quickly to form ropey edges

Mafic magma

Low viscosity

Intermediate magma

Intermediate viscosity

Felsic magma

high viscosity

High gas content texture

Vesicular

Active volcanism landforms

Volcano, ash plume, cinder cone, lava dome, conduit, fissure, caldera

Hypabyssal landforms

Necks,dikes, sills, laccoliths

Deep plutonic landforms

Batholiths, stocks, dikes, sills

Dike

A tabular, discordant intrusive structure.

Sill

A tabular, concordant intrusive structure

Batholith

Deep pluton with a large surface area

Shield volcano

basaltic with low gas content

Cinder cone

basaltic with high gas content

Composite volcano

Andesitic with intermediate gas content

Collapse caldera

Felsic with high gas content

Lava dome

Felsic with low gas content

Sunset crater national park

Cinder cone

Mauna Loa

shield volcano

Columbia River Plateau

Lava plateau

Mount Rainier in Washington state

Composite volcano

Crater lake national park

Collapse caldera

Mount lassen national park

Lava dome

Top view of columnar joints

Hexagonal shaped

Stone Mountain

Stock

Elberton granite

Batholith

Low viscosity Mafic magma

Iron with very low amounts of silicon

High viscosity Felsic magma

High concentration of silicon with very little to no iron

Pyroclastic debris

Ash, cinders, bombs

Cinder cone and composite volcanoes

Both have a similar slope

Cinder cones are basaltic, composite volcanoes are andesitic

Physical weathering

Frost wedging, biological wedging, thermal expansion, exfoliation, abrasion

Chemical weathering

Dissolution by water, dissolution by acid, hydrolysis, oxidation

Rates of weathering

Climate, time, rock composition

Karst features

carbonic acid dissolves limestone to form karat caves

Dry sand maximum angle of repose

45 degrees

Hydrolysis

Addition of hydrogen ions which replace the metal ions

What is found within soil

Air, water, mineral matter, organic matter

Regolith

layer of unconsolidated rock that covers bedrock

Humus

Nutrient dense organic matter found in soil

Permeability

Ability of rock to allow water to flow through it

porosity

Amount of space between grains within a rock

Soil in glacial areas

Made out of loess

Laterites

Found in tropical climates with warm others and high humidity and rainfall

Pedalfer soil

Found in temperate climates with moderate temperatures and high moisture