Quiz 4

Sickle cell anemia

A genetic disorder that causes lots of pain, the gene causes the body to make abnormal red blood cells and sometimes change the shape, they “sickle” They clog the bloodstream and block oxygen flow which damages organs

Things that make sickle cell anemia worse

Cold or hot temperatures, dehydration infection, fatigue, stress, too much exercise

What are the two types that blood is composed of

Plasma and formed elements

Percent of plasma in the blood

55%

Percent of formed elements in the blood

45%

Where do the formed elements originate in

Red bone marrow

Types of cells in formed elements

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

Leukocytes

White blood cells

Platlets

Small fragments of cells

Out of the types of cells which are the most numerous

Erythrocytes

Components of RBC

Hemoglobin

What does hemoglobin do

Transports oxygen

Characteristics of RBC

Disc shaped, live for about 4 months and are constantly replaced at the rate of 2 million per second

What do WBC do

Fighting infection throughout the body

5 types of WBC

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

Which types of WBC function in phagocytosis

Monocytes and neutrohpils

What is phagocytosis

Cell eating

What do lymphocytes do

Produce antibodies to help fight infection and foreign material

What do eosinophils and basophils do

Stimulate inflammatory responses

What do platlets do

Surround the plasma membrane and assist in clotting

Granular leukocytes

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

Agranular leukocytes

Monocytes, lymphocytes, and platlets

Neutrophils apperance

Stain a light purple color with multi lobed nucleus

Neutrophils function

Phagocytosis, first to arrive at the site of injury or infection

Basophil appearance

Granules stain very dark blue/purple. Almost completely obscure nucleus

Eosinophils apperance

Red or pink staining granules, with bi lobed nucleus

Leukocytes apperance

Round, nucleated cells

Erythrocytes apperance

Bi concave, no nucleus or organelles (pink/red color)

Erythrocytes function

Transports oxygen

Leukocytes function

Protection

Monocytes apperance

Largest white blood cell, granules are not visible with light microscope, nucleus is usually kidney bean or horseshoe shaped

Monocytes function

Phagocytosis, they can leave blood, enlarge, and become macrophages

Lymphocytes

Large round nucleus, which occupies most of the cell. Usually a thin ring of light blue cytoplasm surrounds the nucelus. No visible granules

B lymphocytes

Produce antibodies

Helper T lymphocytes

Activate specific immunity

Cytotoxic T cells

Destroy abnormal body cells (cancerous or infected)

Which antibodies does type A have

Anti B

Coagulation

Formation of a blood clot

Which antigens does type A have

A antigens

Which antibodies does type B have

Anti A

Which antigens does type B have

B antigens

Which antibodies does type AB have

None

Which antigens does type AB have

A and B antigens

Which antibodies does type O have

Anti A and anti B

Which antigens does type O have

None

Universal blood donor

O negative

Universal blood receiver

AB +

Description of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

A bleeding disorder that results in the widespread formation of small clots within vessles. These clots can block vessels decreasing blood supply to tissues.

What other conditions does Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation follow

Usually illness, excessive stress, trauma, surgery, toxin exposure (snake venom), cancer, or pregnancy

Symptoms of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Severe bleeding from any cut, wound, injection site or IV site. Internal bleeding can also occur, decreased blood supply to tissues may result in significant pain

How to find Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Lower platlet level on blood tests and low levels of clotting factors and high levels of fibrin split products

Treatment of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Immediate transfusions of platlets and clotting factors

Typing and cross matching

Before transfusions blood is typed and cross matched to ensure that donated blood is the same type as the recipient. They mix the donors RBC with the recipeints to see if they clump, if not then blood is considered safe for transfusion

How many different blood types are there

Around 30, Kell, MNS, bombay and numerous others

What happens in emergency of cross matched blood

The patient is given the same type as their own or O negative blood when the risk of transfusion reaction is outweighed by the benefit of proving an immediate lifesaving transfusion

Hemophilia

Genetic disorder in which an individual is lacking of the clotting factors nessecary for blood clotting to occur

Hemophilia type A

Lacking clotting factor VIII

Hemophilia type B

Missing (or have low) levels of clotting factor XI

Who is hemophilia most common in

Boys because boys have XY sex chromosomes and need only one copy of the hemophilia gene on their single X chromosome (girls would have to have it on both XX chromosomes)

Symptoms of hemophilia

Excessive bleeding from small cuts, or repeated nosebleeds, bleeding into the joints, which causes tightness, swelling, heat, and pain, or internal bleeding shown in urine or stool

Treatment of hemophilia

IV of the missing clotting factors