Skills USA first aid & CPR

First step in CPR

Scene safety

Second step in CPR

Check for responsiveness, breathing,and pulse

Third step in Adult CPR

Alone- leave, activate EMS, and get AED

2 rescuer- send someone to activate EMS, and get AED

Third step in Child/Infant CPR

Witnessed- If alone; leave, activate EMS and get AED. 2 rescuer; send someone to call and get AED

Witnessed- Give 2 minutes of CPR, leave victim and call EMS, get AED if alone or send someone to call and get AED

Compression ratio for Adult CPR

1 & 2 rescuers- 30:2

Compression ratio for Child/Infant CPR

1 rescuer- 30:2

2 rescuers= 15:2

Compression ratio if there is an advanced airway

Continuous compressions at a rate of 100-120/min

Give 1 breath every 6 sec

Compression depth for Adult CPR

At least 2in/5cm, no more then 2.4in/6cm

Compression depth for Child CPR

At least one third AP diameter of chest

About 2in/5cm

Compression depth for Infant CPR

At least one third AP diameter of chest

About 1.5in/4cm

Hand placement for Adult CPR

2 hands on the lower half of the sternum

Hand placement for Child CPR

2 hands or 1 hand (for very small child) on the lower half of the sternum

Hand placement for Infant CPR

1 rescuer- 2 fingers in the center of the chest, just below the nipple line

2 rescuer- 2 thumb, encircling the chest, just below the nipple line

Chest recoil

Allow full recoil after each compression

Minimizing interruptions

Limit interruptions in chest compression to less than 10 seconds

First step of AED use

turns on AED

Second step of AED use

Correctly attaches pads

Placing proper-sized pads for victims age in the correct location

Third step of AED use

Clears for analysis, clears rescuers and allows the AED to analyze the heart rhythm

Fourth step of AED use

Clears to safely deliver shock, tells rescuers to clear the victim

Fifth step of AED use

Delivers a shock and resumes CPR immediately

First step in choking (CPR book)

Stand or kneel behind the victim and wrap your arms about the victim's waist and use correct hand placement

Second step in choking (CPR book)

Grasp your fist with your other hand and press tour fist into the victim's abdomen with a quick, forceful upward thrust

Third step in choking (CPR book)

Repeat thrusts until the object is expelled or the victim becomes unresponsive.

Next step in choking if your victim becomes unresponsive

Start CPR, before giving breaths check the mouth each time for the object.

Do not do a blind sweep

Step for infant CPR

Responsive- give 5 back blows and 5 chest compression

Unresponsive- start CPR and check for the object before giving breaths

CALL first reasons

Any person about 12yrs or older who is unresponsive

A child or infant whom you witnessed suddenly collapse

An unresponsive child or infant known to have heart problems

CARE first reasons

Unresponsive infant or child younger than 12yrs that have collapsed witnessed

A person that is choking

A person who is experiencing anaphylaxis and has an epi-pen

A person who has severe, life-threatening bleeding

S in SAMPLE

Signs and Symptoms

A in SAMPLE

Allergies

M in SAMPLE

Medications

P in SAMPLE

Pertinent medical history

L in SAMPLE

Last food and drink

E in SAMPLe

Events leading up to the incident

Heart Attack S&S

Chest pain (pressure, squeezing, tightness, aching, lasting longer than 2-5min), radiating pain (to arm, shoulder or neck), dizziness, LOC, sweating, N&V, SOB

Female specific Heart Attack S&S

Classic S&S but much milder, along with SOB, N/V/D, fatigue, dizziness, sweating, back/ jaw pain

Heart Attack first aid care

Call 911, get the victim comfortable, loosen tight clothing, give med if prescribed for chest pain, if responsive give chew able aspirin, monitor closely

Cardiac Arrest S&S

Sudden collapse, agonal breathing, unresponsiveness

Cardiac Arrest first aid care

Start CPR

Choking Adult/Child (First aid book)

Give 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts

Choking special situations

Too large/pregnant- give chest thrusts

wheelchair- give abdominal thrusts as if they were standing

you're choking- give yourself abdominal thrusts or bend over a firm object

Sudden Illness S&S

Trouble breathing, pain, change in level of consciousness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, fever, pale/flushed skin, blurred vision, slurred speech, numbness, weakness, paralysis, seizures

Sudden Illness first aid care

Do no further harm, monitor breathing and level of consciousness, help victim get comfortable

Respiratory Distress first aid care

Help administer meds the victim has, encourage them to get comfortable

Asthma triggers

Exercise, temperature extremes, allergies, air pollution, strong odors, respiratory infections, stress and anxitey

Asthma S&S

Wheezing, couching, rapid shallow breaths, sweating, unable to talk, tightness in chest, anxiety and fear

Asthma first aid care

Help administer meds the victim has such as an inhaler, and monitor quickly

Anaphylaxis S&S

Troubling breathing, swelling of face/neck/tongue/lips, tightness in chest or throat, skin reactions, stomach cramps, N/V/D, LOC, S&S of shock

Anaphylaxis first aid care

Epi-pen injection and monitor closely

Diabetic emergency S&S

Dizziness, shakiness, headache, cool skin

Hyperglycemia- fruity breath

Severe- confusion, seizures, LOC, change in behavior

Diabetic emergency first aid care

Unresponsive- put in recovery position and monitor closely

Responsive- give sugar by mouth (15-20 grams of sugar)

Seizure S&S

Grand mal- LOC, full body convulsions

Absence- sudden lapse of consciousnesses, blank stare

Aura- unusual sensation before the onset of a seizure

Seizure first aid care

Move harmful objects out of the way and protect the head

When to call- lasts more than 5min, injured during seizure, unresponsive after, pregnant, diabetic, caused by high fever, elderly, first known seizure, took place in water

Fainting S&S

Pale, sweaty, weakness, dizziness

Fainting first aid care

Check for vitals and responsiveness, call if there are injuries or are concerned about their condition

Stroke S&S

Trouble with speech and language, drooling, difficulty swallowing, drooping of one side of the face, weakness, paralysis, severe headache, dizziness, loss of balance, confusion, LOC

F in FAST

Face, ask to smile- is there weakness or dropping

A in FAST

Arm, ask to raise both arms, is one arm weak or dropping

S in FAST

Speech, ask to repeat a simple sentence, is speech slurred

T in FAST

Time, if fails any of the actions, call 911

Stroke first aid care

Call 911 and monitor closely, let them know when you saw the s&s

Shock S&S

restlessness, irritability, altered level of consciousness, N&V, pale/ashen/cool/moist skin, rapid breathing, rapid/weak heartbeat, excessive thirst

Shock first aid care

Lie them down, control any external bleeding, cover to prevent heat loss, do not give any food or drink, monitor condition

Internal Bleeding S&S

Shock s&s, may cough or vomit blood, where blood is collecting may be tender/swollen or rigid, bruising

Internal Bleeding first aid care

Call 911, and monitor closely

Closed Wound

Bruise/contusion

Closed wound first aid care

20 min ice, 20 min off, elevate to reduce swelling

Abrasion

Scrape, 'road rash'

First aid care- rinse with water

Laceration

Cut made with sharp object

bleeding will depend on severity

Avulsion

Traumatic amputation, dog bites

bleeding is significant

Puncture Wound

Sharp object pierces the skin

does not bleed much unless it hits a vessel

Open Wound first aid care

Minor- apply pressure, rinse, use ointment, dry and use dressing & bandage

Major- cover will dressing and apply pressure, if soaks through apply more gauze on top, when stops- check circulation, and bandage

Tourniquet

Apply soft side down, 2 in above wound and secure

Open Wounds with embedded objects

Do not remove, place dressings/bandages/gauze around object to keep in place

Burns

Can be caused by heat, chemicals, radiation (sun included) and electricity

Burn evaluation

Depth, percentage of body burned, location, age of person and cause

Burns first aid care

Stop, Cool, Cover

remove from source, relieve pain with cool (not ice) water for at least 10 min, cover loosely with sterile dressing

Dry Chemical Burn

Brush off and then rinse area with cool water, call 911

Liquid Chemical Burn

Flush area affected with cool water, call 911

Electrical Burns

Do not touch until source is shut off, call 911, monitor condition

Sprain

Ligament stretched, torn or damaged

bone to bone

Strain

Tendon or muscle stretched, torn or damaged

muscle to bone

Dislocation

Bone comes out of joint

Fracture

Complete break, chip or crack in bone

can be closed or open

Muscle, Bone, Joint S&S

Bone protruding, body part bent/crooked. deformed, 'popping', 'snapping', 'grating', cannot use or move the body part, body part cold and numb, involves head/neck/spine, difficulty breathing, cause of injury indicates severity

R in RICE

Rest, limit use of the injured body part

I in RICE

Immobilize, stabilize the injured body part with a splint

C in RICE

Cold, ice on for 20 min, off for 20min

E in RICE

Elevate, prop to reduce swelling

Types of Splints

Commercial

Soft- blanket, towel, pillow

Rigid- board, plastic

Anatomic- adjacent body part

Traction- used to realign the bone

Head, Neck, Spinal S&S

Unusual bumps/bruises/depressions, heavy external bleeding from those areas, bruising of the head (especially the eyes). blood or other fluids from ears or nose, confusion, disorientation, change in level of consciousness, seizures, impaired breathing or vision, N&V, paralysis, loss of balance, severe pain in those areas, back pain, weakness, tingling, persistent headache

Head, Neck, Spinal first aid care

Do not move them, keep calm, call 911

Nose Injury

Have the person lean forward and pinch their nose for at least 5 min, ice on the nose or back of neck may help

Mouth Injury

Have the person lead forward, try to apply direct pressure

Lip and Tongue Injury

Apply direct pressure if you can

Dental Injury

Try to save the tooth, place in milk if you can

Flail Chest

Multiple ribs are broken and allows the lungs to not expand properly

Sucking Chest Wound

Results from penetrating trauma, can cause a lung to collapse

Care- apply pressure, avoid sealing an open chest wound

Chest Injury S&S

Difficulty breathing, flushed/pale/ashen/bluish skin, bruising at site of the injury, unusual movement of the chest, coughing up blood, sucking sound with breathing, s&s of shock

Rib Fracture first aid care

Give pillow or folded blanket to support the area, get the person comfortable

Abdominal Injures S&S

Severe pain. organs protruding, tender/swollen/rigid abdomen, bruising over the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, s&s of shock