Veterinary Practice Management - Exam 2 Review

Anisocoria

A condition in which the left and right pupils of the eyes are

not equal in size

Miosis

Constriction of the pupil

Mydriasis

Dilation of the pupil

Auscultation

Listening to the sounds of the heart, lungs or other organs

with a stethoscope

Aural

Pertaining to the ear or sense of hearing

Bradycardia

Slow heart rate

Tachycardia

Rapid heart rate

Tachypnea

Abnormally rapid breathing

Dyspnea

Difficult or labored breathing

Alopecia

Partial or complete loss of hair from areas of the body where

hair normally grows

Distichia

Eyelashes arising from the eyelid margin rather than the skin of

the eyelid, causing corneal irritation

Gingivitis

Inflammation of the gums

Nuclear sclerosis

An age related change in the density of the crystalline

lens nucleus causing a bluish-gray haziness of the lens that generally does not affect vision

Nystagmus

Rapid, involuntary eye movement

Petechiae

A small red or purple spot caused by bleeding into the skin

Thrombocytopenia

A deficiency of platelets in the blood

Glossitis

Inflammation of the tongue

Icterus or jaundice

Yellowing of the skin or eye sclera from excess bilirubin

Epulis

A common benign tumor of the dog located in the gum tissue

between the teeth

Pyometra

Infection of the uterus

Lingual

Pertaining to the tongue

Polyuria

Production of excessively large quantities of urine

Polydipsia

Extreme thirstiness, drinking increased amounts of water

Polyphagia

Excessive appetite

Cubic centimeter

The pharmaceutical abbreviation "cc" means

Every

The pharmaceutical abbreviation "q" means

Every day

The pharmaceutical abbreviation "qd" means

Every other day

The pharmaceutical abbreviation "qod" means

Grain

The pharmaceutical abbreviation "gr" means

Drop

The pharmaceutical abbreviation "gtt" means

Right eye

The pharmaceutical abbreviation "OD" means

Left eye

The pharmaceutical abbreviation "OS" means

Both eyes

The pharmaceutical abbreviation "OU" means

As needed

The pharmaceutical abbreviation "PRN" means

66%

What percent of U.S. households have pets?

1. Decreased blood pressure

2. Lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels

3. Decreased anxiety and depression

4. Increased physical activity

5. Increased socialization

What are some of the benefits of pet ownership?

200 diseases and 40 relating to dogs and cats

According to the World Health Organization, there are _____ zoonotic diseases and approximately _____ are directly related to dogs and cats

1. Percutaneous contact through scratches, bites, or skin wounds

2. Inhalation or ingestion of infected bodily secretions or excretions

3. Aerosolized particles

4. Contaminated urine or feces

5. Direct or indirect mucosal contact

6. Ingestion of infected or infested tissues

7. Transmission by shared vectors (an organism that transmits a

pathogen, disease, or parasite from one individual to another)

What are the major routes of transmission for zoonotic diseases?

• Bites

• Contamination of a mucosal surface

• Contamination of an existing wound

• Highest concentration of virus is in saliva and tissues of the nervous system

How does rabies spread?

Salivary gland

Rabies spreads from the brain to the _____

Pasteurella multocida

Anaerobic, gram negative, coccobacilli

Pasteurella multocida

30% of dog bites and 80% of cat bites are contaminated

with this

• Wound management

• Deep culture

• Radiography

• Debridement

• Antimicrobial therapy

• Rabies prophylaxis

What may treatment for a bite wound include?

Rabies and pasteurella multocida

List two diseases spread to humans from bites and saliva

• Bartonella henselae

• Dermatophyte (ringworm)

• Scabies

• Yersinia pestis (plague)

• Tularemia (rabbit fever)

• Toxoplasmosis

List diseases spread to humans from scratches or close physical contact

Bartonella henselae

Gram negative organism responsible for "cat scratch fever"

Cats

Considered the most common mammalian reservoir and vector for human infection of bartonella henselae

• Stomatitis

• Gingivitis

• Lymphadenopathy

• Hyperglobulinemia

List feline disorders associated with Bartonella

Dermatophyte (ringworm)

A zoonotic fungal disease common in kittens

Yersinia pestis

Transmitted to humans by rodent fleas (or infected cats by direct aerosolization) causing the bubonic plague

Francisella tularensis (tularemia) aka "rabbit fever"

Primarily a disease of lagomorphs which can be spread by aerosolization, bites, scratches, and ticks

Toxocara canis and toxocara felis

Identify the roundworm that affects dogs and cats, respectively

Cutaneous larva migrans

Visceral larva migrans

Giardia duodenalis

List diseases spread to humans through fecal contamination

Cutaneous larva migrans

Pruritic skin disease caused by hookworm larva

Visceral larva migrans

Condition in which roundworm larvae migrate through the human body causing damage to internal organs

• Human ingestion of contaminated soil

• Consumption of raw or undercooked meat from infected paratenic host

• Direct contamination of food

What can cause visceral larva migrans in humans?

Diarrhea, gas, abdominal discomfort, nausea, and vomiting

What are symptoms of giardia duodenalis in humans?

• Wear gloves when gardening

• Clean household surfaces regularly

• Clean and disinfect area that the pet has access to

• Wash hands frequently and properly

• Prompt removal of feces

• Eliminate any source of standing water

• Do not allow any new animals into the yard or outdoor space

How can people prevent contracting giardia?

Toxoplasmosis (the cat is the only definitive host)

Pregnant women and immunosuppressed people are most

affected by this protozoa

Toxoplasmosis

Disease transmitted by ingestion of contaminated or undercooked meat, or by direct ingestion of oocysts

• Brucella canis

• Coxiella burnetii

• Leptospirosis

List diseases spread to humans through infected urine

Leptospirosis (caused by motile, aerobic, spirochete)

A bacterial disease transmitted through contact with water containing contaminated urine

• L. icterohemorrhagica (rat)

• L. canicola (dog)

• L. pomona (wildlife)

• L. grippotyphosa (vole, raccoon)

List the pathogenic serovars associated with leptospirosis

Vector transmission

Transmitted indirectly to people by mosquitoes, fleas,

lice, mites, tick

Lyme disease

Disease transmitted by the deer tick

Caused by borrelia burgdorferi a gram negative, motile spirochete

Identify the bacteria that causes Lyme disease

70% to 90%

What percent of healthy dogs may be seropositive for Lyme disease?

• 5% or less show signs of Lyme-related arthritis

• Fever

• Joint pain and swelling

• 1-2% have a more serious form involving the kidneys

Identify the clinical signs of Lyme diease

Anaplasmosis

50% of dogs that are Lyme positive are also positive for _____

36 to 48 hours

Ticks need _____ hours of attachment to actually transmit Lyme disease

Blood urea nitrogen

Kidney

What does BUN test and what organ system is it associated with?

7-27 mg/dl

What is the normal range for BUN?

Kidney

What organ system is creatinine associated with?

0.6 - 1.2 mg/dl

What is the normal range for creatinine?

BUN and creatinine

List two laboratory tests associated with the kidneys?

Alanine aminotransferase

Liver

What does ALT test and what organ system is it associated with?

10-130 U/L

What is the normal range for ALT?

Aspartate aminotransferase

Liver

What does AST test and what organ system is it associated with?

10-34 U/L

What is the normal range for AST?

Aalkaline phosphatase

Liver, bone, kidney, GI hyperadrenocorticism

What does ALP test and what organ system is it associated with?

24-147 U/L

What is the normal range for ALT?

Liver

What organ system is total bilirubin associated with?

0-0.8 mg/dl

What is the normal range for total bilirubin?

Hemolymphatic and liver

What organ system is total protein and albumin/globulin associated with?

5.2 - 8.2 g/dl

What is the normal range for total protein?

2.4 - 4.0 g/dl

What is the normal range for albumin/globulin?

ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, total protein, and A/G

List laboratory tests associated with the liver

Sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium

List laboratory tests associated with electrolytes

Sodium

Hyper/hyponatremia are associated with what la value?

135-147 mEq/L

What is the normal range for sodium?

Chloride

Hyper/hypochloremia are associated with what lab value?

95-100 mEq/L

What is the normal range for chloride?

Calcium

Hyper/hypokalemia is associated with what lab value?

8.8-10.3 mg/dl

What is the normal range for calcium?

Electrolytes and kidneys

What organ system is phosphorus associated with?

Phosphorus

Hyper/hypophosphatemia is associated with what lab value?

2.5-5.0 mg/dl

What is the normal range for phosphorus?

Glucose

What laboratory test is associated with endocrine pancreas?

74-140 mg/dl

What is the normal range for glucose?

Amylase and lipase

What laboratory test is associated with exocrine pancreas?