CSDS Midterm Review Guide

Ableism

Discrimination or prejudice against people with disabilities.

Examples of ableism

Lack of accessibility, using ableist language, making assumptions about abilities, and excluding disabled individuals from opportunities.

AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication)

Methods of communication other than speech, such as gestures, symbols, and devices, to support individuals with communication difficulties.

Aided vs. Unaided Types of AAC

Aided AAC uses external tools like communication boards or speech-generating devices; unaided AAC relies on body movements like gestures or sign language.

Fluency

The smooth, uninterrupted flow of speech.

Disfluency

Any disruption in the flow of speech, such as pauses, repetitions, or hesitations.

Fluency disorder

A disorder that affects the rhythm and flow of speech, making communication difficult.

Stuttering

A fluency disorder characterized by repetitions, prolongations, and blocks in speech.

Cluttering

A fluency disorder involving rapid, irregular speech with poor organization.

Core features of fluency disorders

Repetitions, prolongations, and blocks.

Secondary features of fluency disorder

Physical or behavioral responses to stuttering, such as blinking or tension.

Fluency shaping

A technique focusing on changing speech patterns to improve fluency.

Stuttering modification

Helps manage stuttering through techniques like desensitization and voluntary stuttering.

Diagnostic Criteria for Autism

Diagnosed based on difficulties in social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors.

Severity levels of Autism

Level 1: Requires support; Level 2: Requires substantial support; Level 3: Requires very substantial support.

Characteristics at the infant/toddler level for Autism

Limited eye contact, delayed speech, lack of response to name, and repetitive behaviors.

Diagnostic Criteria for ID

Diagnosed based on deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors that impact daily life.

Classification of ID

Four levels: Mild, Moderate, Severe, Profound.

Behavior-specific praise

Clearly states what behavior is being praised, reinforcing positive actions.

Modeling

Demonstrating correct language use for a learner to imitate.

Close-ended questions

Questions that require a short or yes/no answer.

Open-ended questions

Questions that encourage longer responses and discussion.

Recasting

Repeating a child's incorrect statement in the correct form.

Expansion

Adding more details to a child’s statement to extend language use.

Speech Sound Disorders

Children with this may struggle with pronouncing certain sounds correctly, making their speech difficult to understand.

SSD Definition

a condition in which a person has difficulty producing speech sounds correctly, impacting intelligibility and communication.

Functional SSD

has no known physical cause

Organic SSD

caused by an underlying medical condition such as cleft palate or neurological impairment.

Articulation

involves difficulty producing specific speech sounds (e.g., saying “wabbit” instead of “rabbit”),

Phonological

involves patterns of errors that affect entire classes of sounds (e.g., consistently omitting final consonants).

Language Disorders

affects a person’s ability to understand or use language effectively, impacting communication and learning.

Who can get a language disorder?

Anyone, including children and adults, can develop this, whether due to developmental delays, brain injury, or neurological conditions.

Learning multiple languages

Children learning multiple of this are not more likely to have a language disorder, but they may take longer to differentiate between languages.

Areas of language impacted by a language disorder

expressive language, receptive language, written language

Expressive language

difficulty forming sentences

REceptive language

trouble understanding spoken words

Written language

challenges with reading and writing