Science 9 - Term 1 Reviewer

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering Newton's Laws of Motion, Simple and Complex Circuits, Ohm's Law, and Electromagnetic Radiation from Science 9 Term 1.

Motion

The change in an object's position over time, including moving, stopping, speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction.

Force

A push or pull that can change an object's motion. It is needed to change motion, not to keep motion going.

Isaac Newton

A scientist famous for his foundational contributions to physics and mathematics, specifically formulating his three laws of motion.

Law of Inertia

Newton's First Law, which states that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force.

Inertia

The property of an object that resists changes in its state of motion, directly related to its mass.

Balanced Forces

Forces that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction acting on the same object, resulting in a net force of $0\,N$ and no change in motion.

Law of Acceleration

Newton's Second Law, which states that acceleration is directly proportional to the net force acting on an object and inversely proportional to its mass.

Net Force

The overall or total force acting on an object after all individual forces are added together, taking direction into account.

Force Triangle ($F = ma$)

A mathematical relationship tool used to calculate force ($F = ma$), mass ($m = \frac{F}{a}$), or acceleration ($a = \frac{F}{m}$).

Scalar Quantity

A physical quantity that has magnitude only with no direction, such as time.

Vector Quantity

A physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction, such as velocity and force.

Velocity

The speed of an object in a specific direction, describing how fast and where an object is moving.

Acceleration Formula Triangle

A visual representation showing acceleration as change in velocity divided by time ($a = \frac{v_F - v_i}{t}$).

Time Unit Conversions

Standard conversion factors for time: $1\,\text{min} = 60\,\text{s}$, $1\,\text{hr} = 60\,\text{min}$, $1\,\text{d} = 24\,\text{hr}$, and $1\,\text{yr} = 365\,\text{d}$.

Metric Length Conversion

Scale for converting length units (km, hm, dam, m, dm, cm, mm), multiplying by $10$ when moving right to smaller units and dividing by $10$ when moving left to larger units.

Metric Mass Conversion

Scale for converting mass units (kg, hg, dag, g, dg, cg, mg), multiplying by $10$ per step to smaller units and dividing by $10$ per step to larger units.

Law of Interaction

Newton's Third Law, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.

Action-Reaction Pairs

Force pairs that are equal in size, act in opposite directions on different objects, and occur at the exact same time without canceling each other out.

Electricity

The movement of tiny charged particles called electrons that powers everyday devices.

Conductors

Materials with an electron structure that allows electricity and heat to flow easily, such as copper, aluminum, silver, gold, iron, steel, graphite, and salt water.

Insulators

Materials that hinder or do not allow electricity or heat to flow easily, such as rubber, plastic, glass, dry wood, air, paper, ceramic, cloth, and styrofoam.

Series Circuit Diagram

A diagram illustrating components connected sequentially in a single path where electric current has only one path to flow.

Parallel Circuit Diagram

A diagram illustrating components connected in separate branches, providing multiple paths for electric current to flow.

Closed Circuit Diagram

A diagram showing a complete path where electric current flows freely and light bulbs remain illuminated.

Open Circuit Diagram

A diagram showing an incomplete path or break in the circuit, preventing electric current from flowing.

Short Circuit Diagram

A diagram depicting electric current flowing through an unintended low-resistance path, bypassing circuit components.

Components of a Simple Circuit Diagram

A diagram displaying the key components of a simple circuit: power source (battery), conducting path (wire), control (switch), and load (lightbulb).

Power Source

A component that provides electrical energy to a circuit, converting chemical energy into electricity through positive (cathode) and negative (anode) terminals.

Conducting Path

Materials such as copper or aluminum wires that allow electric current to flow safely through a circuit.

Load

A device in a circuit that uses electrical energy for tasks like lighting or regulating current, transforming power into usable forms.

Control

Components such as switches that open or close a circuit to regulate, stop, or allow electric current flow.

Switch Schematic Symbols

Standard drawings and symbols representing rocker switches and pushbutton switches in open and closed positions.

Battery Schematic Symbols

Standard drawing and electrical symbols for single cell and multiple cell power sources.

Resistor Schematic Symbol

Standard drawing and schematic symbol representations (rectangular IEC and zig-zag IEEE) for a resistor.

Buzzer Schematic Symbol

Standard physical drawing and schematic symbol for an acoustic buzzer component.

Motor Schematic Symbol

Standard drawing and schematic symbol displaying a circled letter 'M' between terminals for an electric motor.

Light Bulb Schematic Symbols

Standard physical drawing and circuit schematic symbols representing an incandescent light bulb load.

Light Emitting Diode (LED) Symbol

Standard physical illustration and schematic diode symbol featuring arrows denoting light emission.

Heater Schematic Symbol

Standard drawing and schematic symbol representing an electrical heater component.

Series vs. Parallel Comparison Table

A table summarizing structural features, current flow, voltage distribution, and ideal setups for series and parallel circuits.

Electric Current

The flow of electric charge through a conductor, driven by moving electrons when voltage is applied, measured in amperes ($A$).

Conventional Current

The standard convention assuming electric current flows from positive to negative, opposite to actual electron movement.

Voltage

Electric potential difference measured in volts ($V$) that provides the 'push' driving electric charges through a circuit.

Resistance

A measurement of how much a material opposes the flow of electric current, measured in ohms ($\Omega$).

Voltage, Current, and Resistance Diagram

A visual diagram illustrating how voltage pushes current through a conductor while resistance squeezes and opposes the flow.

Ohm's Law Triangle

A triangular diagram arranging Voltage ($V$), Current ($I$), and Resistance ($R$) to easily derive Ohm's Law equations.

Ammeter

An instrument connected in series with circuit components to measure electric current in amperes ($A$).

Voltmeter

An instrument connected in parallel across circuit components to measure voltage in volts ($V$).

Ohmmeter

An instrument used to measure electrical resistance in ohms ($\Omega$) by detecting voltage drop when the circuit power is off.

Ohm's Law

Formulated by Georg Simon Ohm in 1827, states that electric current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance ($V = IR$).

Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

Energy traveling in transverse waves created by vibrating charged particles, consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space without a medium.

Michelson-Morley Experiment

An experiment using an interferometer that failed to detect differences in light speed, disproving the luminiferous ether theory and demonstrating that light does not need a medium to travel.

Transverse Wave Structure Diagram

A labeled wave diagram highlighting the crest, trough, wavelength, amplitude, equilibrium line, particle movement, and direction of wave propagation.

Crest

The highest point of a wave above the resting position.

Trough

The lowest point of a wave below the resting position.

Wavelength

The distance between two matching points on consecutive waves, such as crest to crest or trough to trough, symbolized by $\lambda$.

Frequency

The number of complete waves that pass a fixed point per second, represented by $f$ and measured in hertz ($Hz$).

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The full range of all types of electromagnetic radiation organized by frequency, wavelength, and energy.

Low-to-Mid Frequency EM Waves Diagram

An illustration showing lower frequency electromagnetic radiation types: Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, and Visible Light.

High-Frequency EM Waves Diagram

An illustration showing higher frequency electromagnetic radiation types: Ultraviolet, X-Radiation, and Gamma Rays.

Radio Waves

Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies, used for broadcasting music, news, and information.

Microwaves

Electromagnetic waves used in microwave ovens to cook food, as well as for cell phone communication and Wi-Fi.

Infrared Radiation

Electromagnetic radiation felt as heat warmth, used in TV remote controls and thermal cameras.

Visible Light

The range of electromagnetic radiation that allows us to see, consisting of various colors each with distinct wavelengths.

Ultraviolet Radiation

Electromagnetic radiation originating from the sun that has shorter wavelengths than visible light and can cause sunburns.

X-rays

High-frequency electromagnetic radiation that can pass through human tissues, widely used in medical imaging to view bones and organs.

Gamma Radiation

The radiation type with the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies, produced during nuclear reactions and used by scientists to treat cancer.