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Nebuchadnezzar
Babylonian king who takes over the Assyrians and destroys the first temple
Assyria
Invades the northern kingdom after Solomon’s death
Solomon
builds the first temple
Messianic Age
idealized restoration while in exile in Babylonia
Destruction of the first temple
586 BCE by the Babylonians
Ezekiel
promises ultimate redemption in the future (dry bones vision) during the Babylonian exile
Cyrus
begins the Persian empire and conquers Babylonia. He orders a restoration of the Judean community
New Temple Completed
515 BCE under the Persian empire
Alexander the Great
attacks the Persian empire in 334 BCE
Samaritans
the people of Samaria who revolted against Alexander the Great and formed their own sanctuary at Shechem
Antiochus Epiphanes
second ruler of the Seleucid empire
Gymnasium
introduced during Seleucid rule during the Hellenization of Judea. The nudity in the gymnasium revealed circumcision of Jewish men.
Began theme of Judaism as a persecuted religion
Antiochus Epiphanes converts the Temple into a pagan shrine and outlaws religious institutions
Hanukkah
holiday to celebrate the restoration of the temple due to the Maccabee rebellion in 164 BCE
Hasmonean dynasty
established when Judah triumphs over the Seleucid’s in Jerusalem in 161 BCE
Herod the Great
the leader put in place by Rome when they put an end to the Hasmonean dynasty
“Jewish Wars”
revolt against Roman Empire from 66-70 CE
70 CE
Year the Romans destroyed the Second Temple
Ezra
man chosen by Xerxes II around 460 BCE to stabilize Jewish community in Israel/Jerusalem
Nechemiah
Soldier/enforcer who goes with Ezra
Ezra is known as the second Moses
forced 1/10 people to live in Jerusalem; secured family life; reeducated people as Jews using Torah
assimilation/hellenization
goal of Alexander’s empire
Antigones, Seleucid, Ptolemy
three generals who split the empire after Alexander’s death
Hasmoneans (Maccabees)
family of priestly descent who lead a rebellion against the Seleucids/Syrians
Septuagint
Greek Bible written to add to Ptolemy’s library in Alexandria
Sadducees, Pharisees, Essenes
three sects that develop in response to the Hasmonean kings
Sadducees
pro-king, the priests
Pharisees
critics of the king, believe people have the right to interpret the Torah, not the priests
Essenes
“Dead Sea Community”, left Hasmonean state to create a “new” Jerusalem
Myth of Manathos
rumor in the 3rd century BCE that the Jews were spreading disease in Egypt during the Exodus and the Egyptians pushed them out to the Red Sea
Anthropological
persecution based on human behavior, not theology
metaphysical anti-semitism
idea introduced by Christians that God doesn’t like the Jews
Sicarii
warriors in the Zealot sect that killed Romans
Mitzvot
“good deeds”
Aristobolus
son of Salome who goes to Civil War with his brother over kingship and allows the Romans to take control of Israel
Fiscus Judaicus
tax paid by Jews during the Roman Empire; the flow of money to the Temple which went to the Roman treasury instead
Pharisees
only sect to last after the destruction of the Second Temple; start the rabbinic tradition
Messianic War
what the Essenes thought the Great Revolt against the Romans was
Constantine
Roman emperor who established Rome as a Christian empire
Academies
teach a portable culture and ritual life following the destruction of the Second temple
Loose construction
how rabbis interpret the law
Mishnah
first rabbinic writings
Succah
temporary week long house to remember the Exodus — an example of what was discussed in the Mishnah
325 CE
The year Constantine converts the Roman Empire to Christianity
Medina
where Muhammad is asked to govern
Constitution of Medina
basic structure of laws/rights in Muslim Arabia
Dhimmitud
protected from physical violence; what Jews were in the Muslim world
Hadith
literature that establishes traditions in Muslim culture, they believe that Jews must be shamed
Radinites
traders across Middle East, primarily Jews due to there being Jewish settlements all across the Middle East
Babylonia
center of Jewish world in Middle Ages due to rabbinic schools
Responsa
literature written by sages in the academies in response to questions about Jewish life
Exelarc
leader of Jewish society in Babylonia during the Middle Ages
Sura and Pumbeditha
two most famous academies
Karaites
group begun by Anan ben David which accepts written Torah but not oral Torah
Sanhedrin
central legislative author in Galilee
Rabbis of Palestine
who the Babylonian Jews looked to for religious guidance
Palestinian Talmud
massive compendium of rabbinic discussion and commentary on the Mishnah compiled in the 4th century
Babylonian Talmud
compiled in the 5th century, became authoritative sourcebook for rabbinic Judaism in the Middle Ages
Palestine, Egypt, Iraq, and Persia
countries which the Muslims conquered
Pact of Umar
text which defined status of Jewish dhimmis in the Muslim world
Baghdad
where Muslim power was centralized; Jewish academies moved here
Gaon/geonim
leaders of the academies in Baghdad
Rabbinites
talmudically oriented Jews
Amoraim
scholars who produced commentary on/for the Mishnah
Bar Kokhba Revolt
revolt in 132 CE that led to the center of rabbinic activity shifting from Judea to Galilee
Talmud
commentaries on the Mishnah by demonstrating Mishnah’s derivation from biblical sources, exploring logical principles that underlie Mishnah’s statements, and resolving contradictions
